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RRONOMASIA 


IN THE OLD TESTAMENT 


DISSERTATION 


SENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES 
| OF THE FOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892 


Φ 
BY 


IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ 


BOSTON, MASS. 
1894 


PARONOMASIA 


IN THE OLD TESTAMENT 


DISSERTATION 


PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES 
OF THE FOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892 


BY 


IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ 


BOSTON, MASS. 
1894 


_ Norwood Press: 
J. S.. Cushing & Co.— Berwick & Smith. 
Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 


FIIE2 


ΡΕΒΡΆΟΙ, 


THE occurrence of the figures of paronomasia in the Old Testa- 
ment has often been noticed. Besides occasional remarks in many 
commentaries to the Old Testament on single passages where these 
figures occur, some writers have devoted special chapters to this 
subject.* 

All these treatises, besides giving numerous examples from the Old 
and New Testaments, contain many valuable observations and com- 
ments on the use and force of these figures. 

Most of this literature, however, being out of print and rare even 
in University libraries, came to my knowledge after the material for 
this study had been collected and partly arranged; and it will, I 
hope, be found that the present essay was not forestalled by the 
above-mentioned writings. It differs from them, not only in the 
completeness of the material here presented, the result of repeated 


* Among the more noteworthy references may be mentioned: Glassii, PZzlo- 
logia Sacra, ed. Dathe, p. 1335-1342; Elsner, Paulus Apost. et Fesaias Propheta 
inter se comparati, Vratislaviae, 1821, p. 23-27; Gesenius, Lehrgebiude der 
hebriiischen Sprache, 1830, §§ 237 f., p. 856-860, and Wenrich, De poeseos Hebrai- 
cae atque Arabicae commentatio, Lipsiae, 1843, p. 241 f. 263. — Besides these 
briefer notices the subject has been treated in monographs by I. F. Boettcher, De 
paronomasia finitimisque ei figuris Paulo Apost. frequentatis, Lipsiae, 1823, and 
Io. Christoph. Decker, Dissertatio inaugur. de paronomasia sacra praeside Chr. 
Ben. Michaele, Halis, 1737.— Alliteration, from the point of view of a metrical 
” form of Hebrew poetry, has been discussed in a series of essays by Julius Ley: 
De alliteratione, quae vocatur,in sacris Hebraeorum litteris usurpata (Progr.), 
Heidelberg, 1859; Die metrischen Formen der hebriischen Poesie, Leipsic, 1866; 
Grundsziige des Rhythmus, des Vers-und Strophenbaues in der hebriiischen Poesie, 
Halle, 1875, and in several articles in the ZDMG, XX., p. 180-184, and 
Fahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Pidagogik, 1864, p. 246-258, and 1865, p. 69 ff. 


lll 


iv ‘PREFACE. 


reading of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament from beginning to 
end, but also in the more methodical and systematic manner of the 
treatment, and in the comparison drawn between the use of these 
figures in the Old Testament and in other literatures. 

In the list of the passages in which paronomasia occurs, the alpha- 
betical order of the stem-consonants of the first part of the combina- 
tion is followed. In cases where the second word coincides with 
the end of the first, that of the second part is followed. omina 
deverbatia follow the order of their initial consonants, while proper 
names are arranged according to the stems from which they are 
etymologically derived ; for inst. PPS’ under PMX, SPP" under 3PP, 
etc. — Of each distinct paronomasia, only one example is quoted, 
mere reference being made to the others. In addition to this, a list 
has been prepared of all the passages of the Old Testament in which 
paronomasia occurs, arranged in the order of the books. 

In addition to the Hebrew, the English rendering, as well as that 
of the ancient versions, are given in those cases where it seemed to 
be of interest to text criticism. 

I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to 
Dr. Weissbach, Librarian of the Royal University Library of Leipsic, 
for his kindness in placing at my disposal some of’ the above-men- 
tioned rare dissertations on paronomasia. I am especially indebted 
to my teacher, Prof. Paul Haupt, for many valuable suggestions, and 
for his generous permission to use his library, in which I collected 
most of the philological and critical material embodied in this essay, 
otherwise inaccessible to me. Finally I wish to acknowledge my 
deep obligations to Prof. George F. Moore, of the Andover Theo- 
logical Seminary, who, as editor of the “Journal of Biblical Litera- 
ture,” in which the greater part of this essay was originally published, 
gave it the benefit of his careful editorial supervision, and of his 
well-grounded erudition in the Old Testament literature. 


PREFACE. 


Moe 
, 

SS ς 

ar 


CONTENTS. 


I. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL 


A. Nature of Paronomasia, its Relation to Other Figures, and its 


Limits 


δ, 1. 
Sera: 
§ 3. 


Name and Definition . 
Relation of Paronomasia to Other Devices of Style 
The Sphere and Value of the Figures of Paronomasia in 


General. 


B. The Use of Paronomasia in the Classical and Some of the 


Modern Languages . 


Mm οὐ οὐ Mm Mm 
ow anon ἃς 


§ 9. 


. Alliteration and Rime. 

. Alliteration and Rime in Formule and Proverbial Phrases, 
. Play upon Words: its Relation to Alliteration and Rime . 
. General Sphere of Play upon Words 


. Play upon Common Nouns in the Classical and Modern 


Languages. 
Play upon Proper Names 


II. PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 


§ το. 


§ 11. 


Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages in 
General.’ . 
Instances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic Dia- 


lects . 


It. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT . 


A. Limits and Conditions of Paronomasia in Hebrew . 


§ 1. 
§ 2. 


Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style . . . 


Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound 


§ 3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other . 


δ 


vi 


CONTENTS. 


B. The Various Forms of Paronomasia in the Old Testament 


§ 4. 


Mm Mm οὐ M&M 
Oo On nm 


§ 


§ 10. 
§ 11. 
§ 12. 
§ 13. 
§ 14. 


Alliteration in Syntactically Co-ordinated Words, and in 


Formule 


. The Mutual Relation of the Words . 

. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words . 
. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration 

. Assonance 


ΓΑΙ νι ede 


Eipanastroplie τὴ cate ss oe as ok ee 
Play upon Words 

Play upon Proper Names 

Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old Testament, 


“Απαξ λεγόμενα, and Unusual Forms of Paronomasia . 


APPENDIX. PARONOMASIA IN POSsT-BIBLICAL LITERATURE... . © 


LisT OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA-IN THE OLD TESTAMENT ALPHABETI- 


CALLY ARRANGED. 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASIA QUOTED IN THE LIST, 


INDEX TO THE PASSAGES CONTAINING PARONOMASIA . 


STATISTICAL TABLE. . . 


33-35 
36-40 
40-42 


42, 43 


43, 44 


44-84 
84-86 
87-92 
93 94 


OO ig 
~ ᾿ς, 
᾿ς 


ParT I. 


I. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 


A. NATURE OF PARONOMASIA, ITS RELATION TO OTHER 
FIGURES, AND ITS LIMITS. 


$1. Mame and Definition. 


HE figures based on similarity of sound found a place in the 
rhetoric of the Greeks and Romans, being classed among the 
figures of words (σχήματα τῆς λέξεως, figurae verborum). 

Plato refers to them under the general term of “ica” (Symp. 185°). 
The equally comprehensive term “ica σχήματα ᾽ is still used by Her- 
mogenes (περὶ μεθ. δειν., 11., 426, ed. Spengel). The more special 
terms παρίσωσις and πάρισον, παρομοίωσις, ὁμοιοτέλευτον, used first by 
Arist., Rhet., III., c. 9, passed over into the general use of later 
rhetoric, and with their variations and further differentiations, as 
παρόμοιον, ὁμοιόαρκτον OF ὁμοιοκάταρκτον, ὁμοιόπτωτον, ὁμοιοκατάληκτον; 
ἰσοκατάληκτον, became, aside from many inconsistencies of defini- 
tion,’ characteristic of this chapter in ancient rhetoric, the usual 
terminology for the likeness or similarity of sound at the beginning 
and the end of words, either in immediate succession, or in the same 
clause. 

It must, however, be borne in mind that in the older rhetoric these 
figures were not considered from the point of view of the similarity 
of sound for its own sake, but rather as an element of the periodical 
structure, to mark the end, or help the recognition of its divisions. 
Thus they were associated with antithesis; comp. Arist., Rh., III., 


1 Thus παρίσωσις is applied by Arist., Zc. to the equality in length of the 
clauses of a period (“ ἐὰν ἔσα τὰ κῶλα ᾽), cf. also Dion. Hal., De compos. verb., 
c. IX., Cornif., IV., 20, 27; the later rhetoricians use for it the more appropriate 
term ἰσόκωλον, and παρίσωσις, when the equal members also terminate in equal 
sounds. πάρισον is restricted by Hermog. (/c., p. 421) to the combination of 
“Various compounds of the same stem (“ὅταν τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην 
προσλαβὸν συλλαβὴν διαφόρως διανοίας ἔχῃ»); by others it is applied either to 
any similarity of sound in general, or in the initial consonant; cf. Alexander, III., 
40; Tiberius, III., 74, 440; Quint., IX., 3, 75 ss. For the latter is used, besides 
ὁμοιόαρκτον (Maxim. Planudes Schol. to Hermog., V., 511, 6, ed. Walz), also 
παρόμοιον (Donatus to Ter. Eun., 780, Diomedes, II., 441), and ὁμοιοπρόφορον 
(Mart. Capella, V., 514). 

I 


2 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


c. 8; Dion. Hal., Ep. II. ad Amm., c. 2; De admir. vi. c. 40; De 
Thue. hist. jud., c. 24 ; Cornif. IV., 14, 15. 

The post-Aristotelian terms παρήχησις and παρονομασία were applied 
to the greater or less similarity of sound of whole words, without 
regard to the kola of the period. παρήχησις is defined by Hermog. 
(περὶ εὑρέσεως, 251, ed. Sp.) : κάλλος ὁμοίων ὀνομάτων ἐν διαφόρῳ γνώσει 
ταὐτὸν ἠχούντων " γίνεται δὲ ὅταν δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἢ τέσσαρας λέξεις ἢ ὀνόματα 
εἴπῃ τις ὅμοια μὲν ἠχοῦντα; διάφορον δὲ δήλωσιν ἔχοντα. Among the 
examples which he gives are: πείθει τὸν πειθίαν (Xen. Hell., VIL., 1, 
41); Εὐπείθει πείθοντο (Od., XXIV., 465) ; and ἕλεσι ---- ἑλεῖν -----Ἔλειοι 
(Thuc., I., 110). 

The term παρονομασία is applied by Hermog. (περὶ ἰδ. β', 11., 367, 
ed. Sp., where he treats of the various kinds of δριμύτης) to the use 
of the same word in its proper and transferred sense: ὅταν κυρίῳ τινὶ 
ὀνόματι ἢ ῥήματι χρησάμενοι εἶτ᾽ εὐθὺς ἑπόμενοι τούτῳ χρησώμεθα, καὶ 
ἐφ᾽ οὗ μὴ κύριόν ἐστι πράγματος" οἷον (Dem., 9, 17) εἰ μὴ καὶ τοὺς τὰ 
μηχανήματα ἐφιστάντας εἰρήνην ἄγειν φήσετε, ἕως ἂν αὐτὰ τοῖς τεί: 
χεσιν ἤδη προσαγάγωσιν ; and, probably dependent upon Hermog., 
Tiberius (p. 556, 1): Grav προειρημένου τοῦ κυρίου παρονομάσῃ τις 
αὐτοῦ τὴν μεταφοράν ; and not much differently Phoebammon, who 
(p. 500, 10) considers π᾿ a species of πλοκή : θέσις τῆς αὐτῆς λέξεως 
ἐπ᾽ ἄλλου καὶ ἄλλου σημαινομένου κατ᾽ ἐναλλαγὴν τοῦ νοῦ, ὃ πλοκῆς ἴδιον. 
Generally, however, the term paronomasia receives in ancient rhetoric 
a wider scope, being applied to the proximity of two words varying 
only slightly in form, and having a different meaning. Thus, Alex- 
ander (περὶ σχήμ.) : Bapxd μεταποιήσαντες ἑτέραν κινήσωμεν ἔννοιαν" 
οἷον (Thuc., 11., 62) μὴ φρονήματι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ καταφρονήματι. 
Almost the same words are used by Herodian. So also the Roman 
rhetoricians, who, for the most part, render παρονομασία by annomti- 
natio. Cic. (De orat., II., 63, 256; comp. III., 54, 206): quod 
habet parvam verbi immutationem .. . ut nobiliorem mobiliorem. 
This definition is copied by Aquila Romanus and Mart. Capella. A 
detailed definition, or rather description, of paronomasia is given by 
Cornif. (IV., 21): attenuatione aut complexione eiusdem litterae 
(example, venit— for veniit from veneo— quam Romam venit) ; 
productione (hunc avium dulcedo ducit ad Avium) ; brevitate 
(tantum curiam diligit quam Curiam) ; addendis litteris (temperare 
— obtemperare) ; demendis litteris (lenones—leones) ; transfe- 
rendis (vano —navo) ; commutandis (deligere — diligere) ; casus 


2 Comp. also Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst, 11.2, p. 134 ff. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 3 


commutatione. Quint., IX., 3, 66 ss., also includes the repetition of 
the same word in a different sense, or in the same meaning, but with 
a qualifying addition (homo, hostis homo), and the change of prepo- 
sitions in compounds.’ The repetition of a word in two different 
meanings is also designated by a special term: ἀντανάκλασις (Alex., 
Ρ. 37, ἀντιμετάθεσις, σύγκρισις, Or πλοκή ; Cornif., IV., 14, 20, 2γα- 
ductio, which he applies also to the repetition of a word in the same 
sense — dvadimhwots). The recurrence of a word in different cases 
is usually called πολύπτωτον, while that of the same stem in various 
derivations zapyypévov, comp. Jul. Rufinianus, p. 51, 33: cum ex 
supra dicto verbo aliud derivatur, giving as examples: gravis gravi- 
terque, voce vocat, etc. The term ἐπαναστροφὴ κατὰ συλλαβήν, 
lastly, is used by Hermog. (p. 286, 7) for the repetition of the end- 
syllable of a word at the beginning of the following, ὅταν τις μίαν 
λέξιν μερίσας τὰς τελευταίας συλλαβὰς ἀρχὴν τοῦ ἐπιφερομένου ποιήσηται 
κώλου (evidently an error for τῆς ἐπιφερομένης λέξεως) ws .. . (Thuc., 
VIII., 16) Σαμία pia vats... xai...(Hom., Il, 11., 758) Πρόθοος 
θοὸς ἡγεμόνευεν. 

In modern treatises, the terms used for figures brought about by 
coincidence of sound are: Ad/iteration,—a word coined by the 
Italian humanist Joannes Jovianus Pontanus, who lived in the 15th 
century, —the recurrence of the same initial letter (or its phonetic 
equivalent) in two or more words in close or immediate succession ; 
Rime, in its wider sense, for the agreement of sound at the end of 
words; with the rime may also be mentioned Assonance, in a nar- 


8 The difference between parechese and paronomasia in the old rhetoric is 
variously defined by modern writers. Thus, for instance, Blass (Attische Bered- 
samkeit, II., p. 160), parech. is the similarity of sound within the same clause, 
paron. the play with the same word or word-stem in the same or a different 
meaning. Others (comp. Buchhold, De Paromoeoseos apud veteres Romanorum 
poetas usu., Diss., Lipsiae, 1883, p. 32) assign to parech. the combination of words 
of the same root, and to paron. the similarity of two words in sound. But it 
would seem that the ancients made no real distinction between paron. and 
parech. Thus Zonaeus (περὶ cx., III., 169, and Anon., III., 185, ed. Sp.), after 
defining and illustrating paron., add: ὃ καὶ παρήχησις ὀνομάζεται. So also Eust. 
(Hom. IL, 11., 758, V., 350) uses the terms interchangeably. How little the old 
vhetoricians and scholiasts kept the single terms and definitions asunder shows, 
for instance, Greg. Corinth. in a scholion to Hermog., περὶ μεθ. dev, CXVI., VIL, 
Ρ. 1262, 15, ed. Walz: ἃ δὲ viv αὐτὸς λέγει πάρισα, τινὲς παρονομασίαν ἐκάλεσαν, . 
ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ παρήχησιν, οἷον, κατηγορήσω γὰρ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ τῆς ἐμῆς εἴτε ἀπονοίας, 
εἴτε ἀνοίας. The term parechese, moreover, was not adopted by the Roman 
rhetoricians, and even in Greek rhetoric, where it originated, it seems not to have 
been much employed, and was ultimately superseded by the term paronomasia. 


4 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


rower sense, for the likeness of the vowels without that of the conso- 
nants in the end-syllables of words, as, mice and might, feel and 
need, is very frequent in the Romance languages, especially Spanish, 
in a wider sense, for the coincidence of sound in general; and Play 
upon words (pun, quibble), when, by the combination of words of 
similar sound, a witticism or jest is produced. 

The Arabian grammarians use as a general term for the plays 
brought about by the similarity of sound, gindsun, or tagnisun, words 
derived from the Latin genus, homogeneity, or the causing of homo- 
geneity. 

In Hebrew, we find in Qamchi’s commentary to Micah i, ro the 
expression PAMX 7 mes by Spay Ww, vox coincidens (sono) 


cum alia, elegantiae causa.‘ 


§ 2. Relation of Paronomasta to Other Devices of Style. 


In paronomasia, the physical side of language, its phonetic material, 
is employed as a means of style. The tropes and other figures are 
concerned, as it were, with the psychical side of language, z.e. with 
the effect brought about by the special signification, or grammatical 
and logical relation, of a word or clause. Paronomasia leaves these 
elements unaffected. Its material is the sound, and although it 
attains, as will be seen below, many and various ends, its primary 
object and immediate effect is simply to attract the ear, and by it the 
attention to the sound. 

Of all devices of style, Onomatopeia, the imitation of the sound of 
an object, be it a single word, or the rhythmical movement of a series 
of words, is most cognate to paronomasia, as both paronomasia and 
onomatopceia operate with sound, and bring out to a certain degree 
the picturesque and plastic element of language. A language rich in 
onomatopeceia is apt to indulge, therefore, in plays of sound, as one 
figure suggests the other. Thus, in the Old Testament, the passages 
which abound in onomatopceia, abound also in paronomasia, and, 
indeed, both figures are often found united.> The difference between 
onomatopceia and paronomasia, however, is that in the one the sound 


* As the term paronomasia is the most frequent and the most comprehensive 
in ancient rhetoric, it has been adopted in this study, for the sake of brevity, as a 
general denomination for the whole range of the figures of sound in the Old 
Testament; a proceeding which is further justified by the traditional use of the 
term. 

ὃ Comp., for inst., Is., cc. xxiv.-xxix. 


“st 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 5 


is used to represent a sensation or impression, that is, to reflect the 
effect produced by the object on the perceiving subject,® while in the 
other it points out the mutual relation of two ideas. In onomato- 
pceia, the sound is made to conform to the sensation, and is thus 
used in its natural union with the meaning of the word; in parono- 
masia, however, the sound is, as it were, separated from the meaning 
of the word, and depends for its effect upon the accession of another 
equal or similar sound.’ Onomatopceia thus characterizes, parono- 
masia combines ; the former brings out more the symbolic, pictur- 
esque side of language, the latter more the musical, harmonious 
element. 

Paronomasia is independent of Rhythm and Metre. Even regu- 
larly recurring alliteration and rime are possible in a non-rhythmical 
diction, 2.6. a diction without equal and regular intervals marked by 
an ictus. They may, however, support the rhythm, bringing the 
metrical joints more into relief. But there can be rhythm without 
metre. Such, for example, are the rhythms in the Old Testament 
poetry which vary in accordance with the emotion to be expressed,’ 
and those found in popular songs. Of this irregular or non-metrical 
rhythm, the figures of paronomasia may become a constituent ele- 
ment, and compensate for the lack of a strict ictus by giving promi- 
nence to certain words or syllables, and thus effecting a division and 
grouping in the diction. 


§ 3. Zhe Sphere and Value of the Figures τς Paronomasta 
in General. δ 


The figures based on the similarity of sound probably date beyond 
the rise of any regular literature, and originated in popular poetry 
and proverbs. Even now so-called popular songs are marked by 
strong rhythms, intonations and cadences of tone, with alliterations 
and assonances; and many proverbs and witty idiomatic sayings 
derive much of their point from this element, to which they fre- 
quently owe their popularity and preservation. It is true that 
alliteration makes its appearance in a most conspicuous manner in 

Δ 

6 Comp. Steinthal, Adriss der Sprachwissenschaft, 1., p. 376. 

7 Comp. Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst, I1., p. 113, 130. 

8 Comp. Westphal, Metrik der Griechen, I1.?, p. 30; Gerber, ἀξ, p. 351. 

9 Lobeck, Aglaophamus, 11., p. 853, observes this also in reference to the verses 


- of the Greek oracles: poesim sacram neque olim legibus metricis inserviisse neque 


nunc adstrictam teneri. 


6 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


earlier Latin, and in Old-German and Anglo-Saxon poetry; but 
poetry could avail itself of alliteration as a distinguishing feature 
only when it found in the language a series of alliterative combina- 
tions and formule. Speaking of these figures in general, it can be 
said that they recommend themselves by their very nature to the 
popular mind and the popular ear. They are not concerned with 
lofty transformations of meanings, or with the intricacies of construc- 
tion, bringing out the subtle relations of thought, or the fine middle- 
tones of feeling and expression ; they work immediately as a concrete 
sensuous means, appealing directly to the ear, and by it, not so much 
to the intellect as to the attention, imagination, and emotion. They 
are, on this account, easily formed and easily appreciated even by 
the untrained mind. Similar sounds suggest one another, and it is 
often more difficult to avoid them than to combine them. “ Similar- 
ity of sound,” says Grimm, “enters easily into language unsought 
and unintentionally, and was probably early employed by most peo- 
ples in poetry, or, at least, in formulae or proverbs.” "Ὁ 

From the popular language, these figures passed over into literature 
as a device of style, and, unlike the higher beauties of thought and 
expression, their proper home in literary style will have to be sought 
in a diction which approaches the popular speech. Single figures 
are peculiar to the genius of certain languages, as, for instance, 
alliteration to that of the Gothic family ; nevertheless, it can be said 
that they are, in general, not entirely alien to any language or species 
of literature. Georg Ebers has found alliteration and rime in Old- 
Egyptian,” and that alliteration was not unknown to the Assyrians 
will be seen later. The literary sphere and the merit of the single 
figures of paronomasia will be discussed further on. Here, it may 
be said, in general, that, by virtue of the manifold effects which 
similarity of sound can produce, it lends itself as a means of style to 
almost any kind of literature. In the first place, there is a natural 
force and charm in the harmony of sound and sense.” It is keener 
and livelier in a primitive phase of language and culture, but is, by 
the very nature of speech, inherent in language as such. Every 


10 Zur Geschichte des Reims, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1851, 
p- 697: “Gleichklang findet sich leicht unbeabsichtigt und von selbst ein, und 
ist wahrscheinlich von den meisten Vélkern shon in friihen Zeiten in der 
Dichtung oder doch in Formeln oder Spriichwértern angewendet worden.” 

11 Comp. “ Nord und Siid,” 1.) pp. 1 ss. 

12 Cic., Orat., XLIX., 163: duae sunt res, quae permulceant aures: sonus et 
numerus. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 7 


original and vigorous language retains to some degree a tendency to 
symbolism and painting by tones and sounds.% This exhibits itself 
most markedly by the formation of onomatopceia, but also by arrang- 
ing the words into a sound-picture, which, in combining, by the 
congruence of sound, correlated ideas, make, as it were, the sound 
an echo to the sense. “It is,” says J. Schneider, “the effect and 
utterance of a general zesthetic law innate in all language, by reason 
of which we are fond of giving, by means of the assonance of the 
various members, an adequate symbolical expression not only to 
ideas cognate in meaning and derivation, but also to those which are 
opposite to one another.” Besides this flattering of the ear, and 
satisfaction of an zesthetic feeling, there is also an intellectual pleasure 
experienced in these figures based on the general principle of the 
similarity in the dissimilarity which underlies them, which also plays 
a great part in the phonology of language. 

Judiciously employed, and subordinated to the higher ends of 
speech, these figures can be made to give tone and color to an entire 
passage. In prose, they may serve to bring into relief the. most 
important ideas, to combine correlated words by the concrete bond 
of sound, and to impress them on mind and memory. In poetry, 
they contribute to its music, and give it characteristic tone and 
energy. They support the serenity and liveliness of comedy, while 
to the tragic tone they may convey a certain dignity and solemnity.” 


18 Comp. Rehdantz, Demosth. Neun Philippische Reden., Index 1., s.v. Alliter- 
ation. 

14 System und geschichtliche Darstellung der Deutschen Verskunst, Tiibingen, 
1861, p. 66, ὃ 59: “Es ist Wirkung und Aeusserung eines allgemeinen in jeder 
Sprache liegenden Sch6dnheitsgesetzes, kraft dessen man sich gedrungen oder 
veranlast sieht, nicht nur den Sinn- und stammverwandten, sondern auch den 
entgegengesetzten Begriffen des wechselnden Gedankenspieles auch in der 
Sprache durch den anténenden Gleichklang verschiedenartiger Glieder einen 
entsprechenden Ausdruck zu geben.” Comp. also Dion. Hal. De comp. verb., 
c. 20: δεῖ τὸν ἀγαθὸν ποιητήν Te Kal ῥήτορα μιμητικὸν εἶναι τῶν πραγμάτων, ὑπὲρ 
ὧν ἂν τοὺς λόγους ἐκφέρῃ, μὴ μόνον κατὰ τὴν ἐκλογὴν τῶν ὀνομάτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ 
κατὰ τὴν σύνθεσιν. 

15 Cic., De orat., 11., 61, 248: hoc mementote quoscumque locos attingam, 

* ¥nde ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias posse duci... 
nullum genus est joci, quo non ex eodem severa et gravia sumantur. 


8 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


B. THE USE OF PARONOMASIA IN THE CLASSICAL, AND 
SOME OF THE MODERN, LANGUAGES.  . 


§ 4. <Alliteration and Rime. 


Alliteration is the simplest, most frequent, and probably the oldest 
form of paronomasia. It was the formal principle of Old-German, 
Anglo-Saxon, Old-Scandinavian, and it is still of Icelandic, poetry. 
The basis of the verse (at least, in Old-German poetry) was the 
accented and the most emphatic words, and these, as a rule, two 
in the first hemistich (“Kurzzeile”), and one in the second, 
were bound together by the equal az/auz, whence alliteration was 
called “Stabreim,”’ and the alliterative words or syllables “ Lied- 
stabe,”’ as the bearers and supporters of the whole verse or line 
(“ Langzeile ’’). 

Alliteration as a regular form of diction can produce an imposing 
effect only so long as language and people are still in a primitive 
stage of development: when language is as yet more the symbolical 
expression of perception than of the logical idea; when the conso- 
nants still retain their original hardness and sharpness; when the 
organs of speech are still strong and rough, and the ear susceptible 
to the sensuous, plastic formation of the words; and when the con- 
tents of the poetry are simple and natural.” In a more softened and 
developed condition of language, and to a more advanced and refined 
esthetic feeling, regularly occurring alliteration would have the same 
effect as the frequent pounding or stamping of the popular speaker. 
Thus alliteration, as a form of poetry, was, from the 9th century on,” 
under the influence of ecclesiastical poetry, gradually supplanted by 
the less obtrusive rime, which has become an essential element in 
modern poetry." 

Assonance, or the vowel-rime in the middle of the word, is, as was 
said above (§ 1), favored by the Romance languages with their 


16 Comp. Vilmar, Deutsche Literaturgeschichte, Marburg & Leipzig, 1873, p. 233 
J. Ley, Metrische Formen, p. 11. 

17 In old-English poetry, alliteration lingered until the 14th century; comp. 
Laymon’s poem, “ The Brut,” and “ Pierse the Plowman.” Still later alliteration 
is much employed by Spenser in “ Faerie Queene” and “ Shepheard’s Calendar.” 

18 «The Germanic stabreim [alliteration] is more spiritual and ideal; the 
Celto-romance rime more sensuous and real.” Adolf Ebers, Allgemeine Ge- 
schichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande, 111., p. 8; comp. also 
G. G. Gervinus, Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, 1.5, p. 121 f. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 9 


richness in sonorous vowels. It may be considered as an unfinished 
rime.” 

In the classical languages, alliteration and rime never attained to 
the importance of an organic element of poetry. Classical poetry 
did not need it and did not want it. The metres and rhythms of 
Greek and Latin based, not on the accent, but on the symmetrical 
division of the words, make the whole language resounding and 
waving with music; the echoing of similar sounds would only dis- 
turb the harmonious and majestic movement of the metres. Rime 
appeared in Latin poetry only after it had ceased to be read metri- 
cally. But even as an accessory ornament of style, alliteration and 
rime were little cultivated in Greek, although it had, like Latin, by 
reason of its flexions, an especial aptitude for the rime (éuo.drrwra). 
The Greeks paid but little attention to similarity of sound in itself, 
unless it served the symmetry and balance of the period, or carried 
with it some point of meaning (a δρυμύτης). Still there can be 
found instances of conscious alliteration and ὁμοιόπτωτον in almost 
every classical author. “The painting by letters,” says Rehdantz,” 
“was deeply established in the artistic feeling of the classical 
authors.” For instances in Homer comp. Bekker, Homerische 
Blatter, p. 185-193, and in general Mahly, N. Schweizerisches 
Museum, 1864, p. 245 ff. 

These figures were in greater favor with the Romans,” perhaps by 
reason of their proneness to fulness of speech and tautology. Allit- 
eration in Latin is prominent in the Saturnian verse; it obtrudes 
itself in Ennius and Plautus. In the former, sometimes all the 
words of a verse are alliterative; e.g. Annales, 113: O, Tite, tute 
tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti; 558: Machina multa minax minitantur 
maxima muris. It fades away in later poetry the more it comes 
under Greek influence.” Vergil employs it, especially in splendid 


19 « Prevalence of consonants exhibits a predominance of the reasoning mind; 
prevalence of vowels a predominance of sensuous emotion.” “ Alliteration sounds 
like character, Assonance like music.” Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst, 1., p. 202; 
ἘΠ.» 163: 20 Comp. above, ὃ I, p. 2. 

, 21 Demosth., Neun Phil. Reden., Index 1., Z¢. 
” #2 On alliteration in Latin, comp. Naecke, De allit. sermonis Latini, Rhein. 
Mus. III. (1829), p. 324 ff; Bergk, Opusc. Phil., I., p. 101; Ed. Wélfflin, Die 
alliterirenden Verbindungen in der Latein. Sprache, Sitzungsbericht der Bayrt- 
schen Akademie, 1881, p. 1 ff.; L. Buchhold, De Paromoeseos apud veteres 
Roman. poetas usu (diss.), Leipzig, 1883; C. Boetticher, De Alliter. apud Rom. 
vi et usu (diss.), Berlin, 1884. 
28 Comp. Westphal, Griechische Metrik, 11.2, p. 38. 


10 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


descriptions. So, for inst., Atn. I., 51 ss. (description of the dwell- 
ing of AZolus); II., 201 ss. (Laocoon) ; III., 412 ss. (Scylla and 
Charybdis) ; 1V., 175 ss. (Fama).* In Apuleius, there is what-may 
be called a renaissance of alliteration after Cicero.” Among prose 
writers, alliteration is characteristic of Cicero, especially in the 
excited and pathetic passages of his orations, and in solemn perora- 
tions ; it was employed to a certain degree by Sallust and Tacitus.* 
But in Latin, as in the Teutonic languages, alliteration existed before 
the rise of any regular literature. It is found in many ancient phrases 
of a popular, religious, and judicial character. So also is the rime in 
Latin met with in the phraseology of witchcraft and incantations.” 

In the Germanic languages, alliteration, though as an organic 
element of poetry superseded by the rime, yet remained a favorite 
ornament of ordinary diction. In English, it is conspicuous after 
the 14th century, especially in Spenser. Shakesp. occasionally ridi- 
cules it. Still he was not unmindful of its power to give coloring 
and add to the solemnity of the description of ascene. Macb., I.,1: 
“ Fair is foul and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air” ; 
K. Lear, I, 1: “Though last not least in love”; Cymb., IV., 2: 
“With wildwood leaves and weeds.” Of recent writers who employ 
it, Dickens, Tennyson, and especially Swinburne, who is excessive in 
the use of it both in poetry or prose, may be mentioned.” 

Among German writers, alliteration is conspicuous in ‘Fouqué, 
Riickert, in Simrock’s translations of alliterative Old-German poems, 
in Richard Wagner’s dramas, and especially in Wilhelm Jordan, who, 
in his “ Nibelunge,” even tried to revive it as a metrical form.” 


4 Comp. Kviéala, Neue Reitrdge zur Erklirung der Aen., p. 447. 

25. Comp. H. Kretschmar, De Latinitate L. Apulei Madaurensis, p. 11 ff. 

*6 For instances in Tac., comp. C. Boetticher, Zc. p. 39 ff. 

27 On rime in Latin, comp. Ed. Wolfflin, Der Reim im Lateinischen, Archiv 
fiir latein. Lexicographie und Grammatik, I., p. 350 ff. and: Zur Alliter. und 
zum Reim, ibid., IIL, p. 454. 

28 Love’s Labours Lost (itself an alliteration), IV., 2: “1 will something affect 
the letter, for it argues facility: The preyful princers pierc’d and prick’d a pretty 
pleasing pricket.” Mids., V., 1: “Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful 
blade, he bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.” 

_ * Comp. the latter’s stanza: “ When the hounds of spring are on winter’s 

braces—The mother of months in meadows or plain — Fills the shadows and 
windy places — With lisp of leaves and ripple of rain.” - Professor Gildersleeve 
kindly calls my attention to the fact that Kélbing has collected a vast number of 
examples in his recent edition of Byron’s Siege of Cor. 

89 Comp. the passage: “ Das leise Gelispel im Laube der Linde; — Wie am 
Felsen gebrochen das Brausen der Brandung.” 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 11 


$5. Alliteration and Rime in Formule and Proverbial 
Phrases. 


The sphere of alliteration and rime common to all languages is in 
proverbial phrases and other brief sayings which have become stereo- 
typed or idiomatic expressions. In these syntactically co-ordinated 
words, as a rule synonyms, or words related to one another in mean- 
ing, are combined by the sound to give an idea greater emphasis and 
solemnity, or merely more fulness.*! The function of the similarity 
of sound in this case is to rivet the important and cognate words 
together, and thus give them a higher union. It is a kind of an 
incomplete reduplication with the advantage of variety and of repre- 
senting the same idea from another side. ‘This use of the figures is 
quite in harmony with their presumable origin. The popular speech, 
as it delights in re-echoing of sounds, so, by reason of its hardiness 
and vigor, is fond of fulness and exuberance of expression. Similar- 
ity of sound affects the feeling as well as the meaning. On this 
spontaneous, psychological process many of the so-called popular 
etymologies are based. With “stand” is associated “stop, stay, 
stiff, stick’; with “glow,” “gleam, glitter, glisten,” and so on.” 
But it has its reason perhaps also in the nature of language. For, 
in any original and homogeneous language, particular combinations 
of consonants are found to occur frequently in stems of the same 
primitive signification, so that, of a given number of words having 
the same combination of consonants, many will be more or less 
nearly allied in sense. On the other hand, cognate words will often 
-be found together as the ideas or things which they represent usually 
belong to the same sphere. 

Such combinations are, for instance, λιμοὶ καὶ λοιμοί, Hesiod. Ἔργα, 
226; Matt. xxiv. 7; ζωὴν καὶ πνοήν, Acts xvii. 25; φθόνος φόνος, 
ἀσύνετος ἀσύνθετος, Rom. i. 29;— purus putus; inter sacrum et 
saxum ;: domus duellique ; sane sarteque, bene beateque ; felix faus- 
. tus; do dico addico; maria montesque polliceri; oleum et operam 
perdere ; —near and dear; tear and wear; part and parcel ; forgive 
and forget; fast and furious ;— Stock und Stein; Stumpf und Stil ; 
Weg und Steg; Dach und Fach; Hiille und Fiille; Sang und 
Klang ; — dru et menu; sain et sauf; bel et bon; fort et ferme; ni 


81 Comp. Dietrich, Abhandlungen zur hebriischen Grammatik, p. 249 ff. 
82 Comp. Georg von der Gabelentz, Die Sprachwissenshaft, thre Aufgaben, 
Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse, Leipzig, 1891, p. 131 and 221. 


12 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


pain ni pate ; ni vu ni connu.— In some of these combinations, the 
second part is obsolete and meaningless in itself, and is simply an 
onomatopoetic echo of the first word: toil and moil; might and 
main; or, even the whole combination has no longer any etymologi- 
cal signification, and owes its preservation and use to the similarity 
of sound: pell-mell; harum scarum; helter skelter. The striving 
after similarity of sound occasionally influences not only the choice 
of a word, as, for inst., in Latin: an albus an ater, instead of the 
more usual niger, but also the phonology. So, for inst., in German: 
liigen und triigen, originally triegen ; in Italian: greve, alongside of 
grave, in combination with leve.* In some of these formule, words 
of opposite meaning are combined, but with the object of expressing 
absoluteness, totality either including by this union all parts of a 
thing, or indicating indifference towards the contrast: from top to 
toe ; head and heel; amidst trials and triumphs; through thick and 
thin ; in Freud und Leid; Walder und Felder, etc. 


§ 6. Play upon Word: its Relation to Alliteration and 
Rime. 


In plays upon word, besides the similarity in sound, some point in 
the meaning of the combined words is taken into consideration. 
Alliteration, rime, and assonance can therefore be comprised as 
sound-paronomasia, because the whole stress in them lies on the 
congruence of sound only, while plays upon word can be considered 
as sense-paronomasia. lliteration and rime combine preferably 
synonyms and co-ordinated ideas (comp. the preceding §), while 
play upon word has to do with an antithesis, or some surprising 
contrast ; or, in alliteration and rime, one idea is expressed by two 
words ; in play upon word, two opposite, or at least different, ideas 
find expression, as it were, in one word, or in two words pronounced 
alike. Sound-paronomasia is a spontaneous outgrowth of the genius 
of language, or, at least, engendered by instinct and natural law; 
sense-paronomasia is rather an artificial offspring of the former. The 
line of separation between both is, moreover, uncertain and shifting ; 
in many cases only the connection can decide. 

In the modern understanding, a play upon words implies a verbal 
jest, or even something of the ludicrous and ridiculous. To this, 
ancient rhetoric applied the term γελοῖον, of which several kinds were 


83 Comp. von der Gabelentz, Ze. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 13 


distinguished,* while for those plays which fall under paronomasia a 
certain pungent form of expression was sufficient. 

The play upon words can be divided into plays upon common 
nouns, and those upon proper names. 


$7. General Sphere of Play upon Words. 


Unlike alliteration, plays upon words are more frequent and easily 
formed in languages in proportion as they are less original and poor 
in words. Greek is more moderate in the use of play upon words 
than Latin, although the latter has less aptitude for them, and its 
play upon words have somewhat of the sternness and severity of the 
Roman character. Of the modern languages, German has less than 
English, while they are all excelled in the frequency of play upon 
words by French, by reason of its numerous homonyms. For, while 
alliteration attaches itself preferably to synonyms, the favorite domain 
of plays upon word are homonyms. While alliteration is most effec- 
tive in lyric poetry, and in passages of a descriptive and pathetic 
nature, where it aids in arousing a certain disposition of the soul, and 
causes it to hold fast to emotions, the proper sphere of the play upon 
word would be in the “middle speech,” as in conversations, the 
epistolary style, in proverbs, epigrams, satires, and dialogues,” where 
a jest is admissible. But it may have its place in grave and excited 
speech, giving it a tinge of sharpness and sarcasm. Thus Demosthe- 
nes, for instance, wields the play upon word as a mighty weapon of 
his δεινότης, and in a similar manner was it employed by the greatest 
prophets in their most earnest sermons.” 


§ 8. Play upon Common Nouns in the Classical and Modern 
Languages.™" 


The ways of producing a play upon words are numerous and 
various. 


84 Comp. Volkmann, Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer, p. 288. 

85 Arist., Rhet., III., 2, 7, says, the sophist employs homonyms, the poet syno- 
nyms: τῶν δ᾽ ὀνομάτων τῷ μὲν σοφιστῇ ὁμωνυμίαι χρήσιμοι" παρὰ ταῦτας γὰρ 
κακρυργεῖ, τῷ ποιητῇ δὲ συνωνυμίαι. 

88 Comp. Cic., De oratore, 11., 61, 248: Hoc mementote, quoscumque locos 
attingam, unde ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias 
posse duci.... Nullum genus est joci, quo non ex eodem severa et gravia 
sumantur; and Quint., VI., 3, 68: Quid ironia? nonne etiam, quae severissime 
fit, joci prope genus est. 

87 On play upon words in Greek, comp. C. Holzinger, De verborum lusu apud 
Aristoph., Vienna, 1876; Grasberger, Die griechischen Stichnamen, Wiirzburg, 


A ΟΝ “or ΤῊΣ RA 
(URIVERS SITY) 
4 LT ae ρὶ <ibZ 


14 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


1. As the chief point in the play upon word is the combination of 
two contrasting ideas, it can be effected by a single word, which 
either unites in itself two different meanings, or suggests by its form 
another word similar in sound, but different in signification, and is 
employed with this object in view. 

a. The first, 2.6. the ambiguous interpretation of words, was sug- 
gested by the oracles.* Comedy chiefly made use of it as a means 
of γελοῖον. Aristoph., Peace, 1286: θωρήσσοντο (they armed them- 
selves, and they got drunk), comp. Frogs, 941 (βάρος), 1002 
(πνεῦμα) ; Plaut., Captivi, V., 68: invocatus (invited, and unin- 
vited); Terence, Zun., III., 1, 13: mirum (wonderful, and queer), 
comp. III., 1,19. But the tragedians also employed it in the service 
of tragical irony. So especially in Soph. Oedip. King.” In Demosth., 
9, 5: οὐδ᾽ ἡττησθ᾽ ὑμεῖς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ κεκίνησθε (nor have you been 
defeated, on the contrary you have not even been dislodged from 
your position — you have not even stirred from your place), comp. 
Demosth., 3, 5 (σωθείς), 4, 26 (ἀγοράν); Cic., Verr., 1., 121: jus 
Verrinum (the laws of Verres, and the juice of a wild boar). Some 
one said: Cadmus was the first postboy; he carried letters from 
Phoenicia to Greece. Seine Frau ist ihm theuer (dear or costly). 
In Riickerts’ Macamen des Hariri, 26: Darf ein Glaubiger sich 
wahrsagen lassen? Ja! das Liigenreden soll er hassen. Wie wenn 
ich sehe mein Bruder ist unbedacht? Er werde von dir unter Dach 
gebracht. Ambiguous words are also the point of many riddles and 
puzzles. 

ὦ. The second implies the allusions to words of similar sound, and, 
in general, the jocose, often arbitrary, use of speech which does not 
shrink even from the distorting of words, or division of syllables, and 
deviation from the usual pronunciation, the παραπεποιημένα, παρὰ 
γράμμα σκώμματα and μεταστρέφειν ὄνομα, in Arist., Rhet., III., 11. 
It borders on parody, and has its proper sphere in comedy. Ari- 
stoph., Knights, 59: βυρσίνη (instead of μυρσίνη); Plut., Anton., 
Ο. 81: οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκαισαρία ; ὦ Βδεῦ δέσποτα (instead of ὦ Zed). 
Sueton, III., 42, relates that Tiberius was called Biberius, propter 
nimiam vini aviditatem. Platen, Oedipus, Nimmermann for Immer- 
mann. Shakesp., Caes., I.,1: What trade art thou?...a mender 
of bad soles . . . a surgeon to old shoes; when they are in danger I 


1883;—in Latin, Ed. Wélfflin, Das lateinische Wordspiel. Sitzungsbericht der 
Bayrischen Akademie, 1887, II., p. 187 ff. 

88 Comp. Rehdantz, Demost. Neun Phil. Reden., Index 1., sub “ Wordspiel.” 

89 Comp. Arnold Hugo in Philologus, XXX1., p. 66 ff. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 15 


recover them. Antisthenes (in Diogen. Laert., VI., 3) said of a 
student he needed γραφιδίου καινοῦ (και vod); in Italian: spirito 
divino (di vino). Racine, Les FPlaideurs, 111., 3 (Petit Jean): 
Quand je vois les Etats des Babiboniens (Babylon.), Transférés des 
Serpens (Persans) aux Nacédoniens (Macéd.), etc. Sheridan, The 
Rivals (Mrs. Malaprop): Sure, if I reprehend (compr.) any thing 
in this world, it is the use of my oracular (vernacular) tongue, and a 
nice derangement (arrang.) of epitaphs (epithets). 

2. But play upon word, as it is commonly understood, and as 
illustrated by the definitions and examples given by ancient rhetoric 
of paronomasia (comp. above, § 1), implies the combination of two 
words of like or similar sound, but with different meanings. 

a. Of this class, the use of one and the same word in two different 
senses (anz/anaclasis) most resembles the preceding. 

a. The two different meanings may be proper and natural to the 
word. Arist., Rhet., III., 11, speaking of the ἀστεῖον in style, quotes 
Isocr., 4, 110: τὴν ἀρχὴν TH πόλει ἀρχὴν εἶναι τῶν κακῶν ; Comp. 
2 Οοτ. ν. 21: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν. 
Ovid’s Metam., ΧΙ., 488: egerit hic fluctus aequorque refundit in 
aequor. Shakesp., Merch. of Ven., V., 1, 129 f. (Portia): Let me 
give light, but let me not be light; For a light wife doth make a 
heavy husband. Milton, P. L.: At one light bound high overleaped 
all bound. Proverb: In thy youth learn some craft, that in thy old 
age thou mayest get thy living without craft. Platen: Mag er im 
Anzug sein (approaching)! Mein Anzug (suit of cloth) passt nicht 
fiir den Krieg. Riickert, Weisheit der Brahmanen: Ahnen ehrt 
ihr nicht, sonst wiirdet ihr dies ahnen. Lichtenberg, Vermischie 
Schrifien: Der Pastor baut den Acker Gottes, und der Arzt den 
Gottesacker. Haug: Du flogst ja Hymen’s Tempel zu, Jetzt ringest 
Du die Hande: Zu welchem Ende freitest Du? Ach Gott! Zu 
meinem Ende. Louis XVI. asked Biévre for a calembour. Sur 
quel sujet votre majesté désire-t-elle? Sur moi. Mais, Sire, un roi 
n’est pas un sujet. 

β. The same word is used first in its proper sense, then in a 
transferred sense. Demoth., 19, 289: ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ τοῦτο δέδοικα εἰ 
Φίλιππος ζῇ ἢ τέτνηκεν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τῆς πόλεως τέτνηκε τὸ τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας 
μισεῖν καὶ τιμορεῖσθαι. Matt. viii. 22: ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς 
ἑαυτοὺς νεκρούς. Sueton, Nero, 39: quis negat Aineae magna de 
stirpe Neronem? sustulit hic matrem, sustulit ille patrem. Shakesp., 
Oth., V., 2 (Othello, with the light in the hand, about to kill Desde- 
mona): Put out the light, and then put out the light. Hamlet, 111., 


16 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


4, 34 f.: Leave wringing of your hands: peace! sit you down, And 
let me wring your heart. 

y. The meanings are the same, but in the second member of. the 
combination, the word is qualified or emphasized. Epigr.: πρὸς 
Διὸς εἴ με φιλεῖς, Πάμφιλε, μή με φίλει. Martial: Atque ut vivamus 
vivere desinimus. 

ὦ. Words of different meaning are either spelled alike (homonyms), 
or pronounced alike. Heraclitus, LXVI. (ed. Bywater): rod Bod 
οὔνομα Bios, ἔργον δὲ θάνατος. Amari jucundum est si curetur, ne 
quid insit amari. Shakesp., Caes., III., 1: O, world! thou wast the 
forest of this hart; And this indeed, O, world! the heart of thee. 
Riickert, Wetsheit der Brahmanen: An Manen glaubt ihr nicht, 
sonst wiirden sie euch mahnen. Platen, Verhingnissvolle Gabel: 
Fixe ideen und Dukaten, die man Fiichse nennt. 

¢c. Plays upon word produced by a change of voice of the verb. So 
in the famous saying of Aristippus: ἔχω οὐκ ἔχομαι. Demosth., 45, 37: 
ἐπιτροπεῦσαι ---- ἐπιτροπευθῆναι. Gal. iv. 8: νῦν δὲ γνόντες θεὸν, μᾶλλον 
δὲ γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ θεοῦ. Hor.: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit. 

@. A cognate class which is of great effect in antithesis and oxymo- 
ron consists in the juxtaposition of a simplex with a compound, or 
of two different compounds of the same stem. Soph., Ant., 1261: 
ἰὼ φρενῶν δυσφρενῶν ἁμαρτήματα ; comp. 1277. Lys., 14, 29: μετα- 
μέλει --- μέλει. Demosth., 1, 19: εἰ δὲ μὴ προσδεῖ, μᾶλλον δ᾽ ἅπαντος 
ἐνδεῖ τοῦ πόρου : 4, 3: ἀθυμηθέον --- ἐνθυμηθέον. Isocr., 9, 55, comp. 
Xen., Mem., II., 1,9: γνώμη συγγνώμης. Emperor Julian: ἔγνων, 
ἀν ΐγνων; katéyvwv. The old rhetoricians bring forward as an example 
the following (comp. Rhett., Gr. ed., Spengel, III., p. 36): to a 
contentious vintager was said: ai ἀμπελοί σου οὐ κλήματα ἀλλ᾽ ἐγκλή- 
ματα φέρουσιν. In the New Testament, this kind of paronomasia is 
especially affected by Paul; 2 Cor. viii. 4: ἀπορούμενοι, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ 
ἐξαπορούμενοι, comp. ν. 6, vi. 10; Phil. iii. 3: βλέπετε τὴν κατακομὴν, 
ἡμεῖς yap ἔσμεν ἡ περιτομή (English version: concision— circum- 
cision; Luther: Zerschneidung — Beschn.). Enn., amicus certus in 
re incerta cernitur. Cic., Cat., I., 11: ut abs. te non emissus ex 
urbe, sed inmissus in urbem, in Pis., 5, 11: non interfuisti solum, 
verum etiam crudelissime praefuisti. Ter., And., IV., 4, 38: Pro- 
volvam teque in luto ibidem pervolvam. Aspiro dum exspiro. Man 
proposes; God disposes. Qui s’excuse, s’accuse. Lass auf dich 
etwas rechten Eindruck machen, So wirst du schnell den rechten 
Ausdruck finden; Und kannst du nur den rechten Ausdruck finden, 
So wirst du schnell den rechten Eindruck machen. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. . 17 


e. Play upon words which imply a “ parva mutatio verbi,” either 
by change, or by addition and detration of a letter. Plato, Lach., 
188>: ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἄηθες οὐδ᾽ ad ἀηδὲς ὑπὸ Σωκράτους Bacavi- 
ζεσθαι; Phaedr., 837: ὁμότροπός τε καὶ ὁμότροφος γίγνεσθαι ; Prot., 
322°: πόλεων κόσμοι τε καὶ δεσμοί ; Demosth., 8, 27 : μέλλει πολιορκεῖν 
- μέλει γάρ τινι τούτων τῶν τὴν ᾿Ασίαν οἰκούντων Ἑλλήνων, comp. 6, 15, 
and Soph., Ant., 13343 9, 35: μέλλομεν καὶ μαλκίομεν ; Isocr., 9, 45 : 
ἡγούμενος ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἀγόμενος ; Aischin., 3, 78: οὐ yap τὸν τρόπον ἀλλὰ 
τὸν τόπον μόνον μετήλλαξαν. Aristoph., Frogs, 740: ὅστις γε πίνειν 
οἷδε καὶ βίνειν μονον ; 1057: χέσαιτο γὰρ εἰ μαχέσαιτο; 1434: ὃ μὲν 
σοφῶς γὰρ εἶπεν, ὃ δ᾽ ἕτερος σαφῶς. Ter., Heaut., 356: Tibi erunt 
parate verba, huic homini verbera; And., 218: inceptiost amentium, 
haud amantium. Plaut., Trin., III., 2,43: Is mores hominum moros 
et morosos efficit. Cic. Verr.: Sicilia te non praetorem, sed praedo- 
nem habuit; Velleius, 2, 108: Marbod natione magis quam ratione 
barbarus ; Cornif., IV., 29: Videte judices, utrum homini navo an 
vano credere malitis. Shakesp., Macb., I., 7, 4: And catch with his 
surcease success ; Merch. of Ven., IV., 1, 123: Not on thy sole, but 
on thy soul. Milton, P. L., V., 869: To begirt the Almighty throne 
Beseeching or besieging; Abraham a Sancta Clara: Dermalen gilt 
Argentum mehr als Argumentum. Platen, Verh. Gadel: Soll ich 
dem Herrn mit dem Flegel die Beine befliigeln? Uhland (Den 
Landstinden): Den wird man fiir erlaucht erkennen, Der von dem 
Recht erleuchtet ist. . . . Der wird als Biirger sich bewahren, Der 
seine Burg zu shirmen weiss. To Napoleon’s saying, L’empire c’est 
la paix, was retorted, L’empire c’est l’epée. 


§ 9. Play upon Proper Names. 


A name, as representing something individual, is especially a 
tempting mark for a witticism or pun. There is, moreover, another 
element in the playing with proper names. There is, as it were, an 
innate desire in every one to etymologize; 2.6. to explain the origin 
of words and their mutual connection,” and the explanation of proper 
names, or the connecting of things and events with the signification 
of names, are the favorite field of this tendency. This practice pre- 
vdiled in various times, peoples, and languages. Heinrich Brugsch 
says of the Egyptian monuments that “ they afford numerous instances: 


49 Comp. Forstemann, Ueber deutsche Volksetymologien in Aufrecht und Kuhn’s: 
Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung, I., p. 1 ff., Georg von der Gabe- 
lentz, Die Sprachwissenschaft, p. 218. 


18 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


which prove the application of the linguistic theory in the most exten- 
sive degree by the Egyptians. . . . For, in the mythological writings 
of the Egyptians, there is frequently noticeable the endeavor to 
explain theological names and expressions, or the catch-word of a 
myth, in a linguistic manner and in an etymological form, and thus 
to prove their contents from their form and signification.” ἢ And, 
according to L. Geiger, the play on the signification of the names 
of the gods is also frequent in the older parts of the Indian Rigveda- 
sanhita. But it was most favored by the Semites and the Greeks.® 
There can be drawn a certain parallel between the Greeks and the 
Semites in regard to proper names. In the Semitic languages, as 
well as in Greek, the proper names are still in living contact with the 
language, their meaning and form is still clear and transparent. Both 
the Semites and the Greeks paid much attention to the sound and 
signification of a name; it had something solemn and religious for 
them. Ancient rhetoric takes notice of the use made of the signifi- 
cation of proper names. Arist., het, 11., 23, 29: ἄλλος ἀπὸ τοῦ 
ὀνόματος (the inference drawn from the signification of a name) ; 
Cic., Zop., 8, 35 : Multa etiam ex notatione sumuntur ; ea est autem, 
cum ex vi nominis argumentum elicitur, quam Graeci ἐτυμολογίαν 
appellant, id est, verbum ex verbo, and De inventione, II., 9, 28: 
Nam et de nomine nonnunquam aliquid suspicionis nascitur, nomen 
.autem cum dicimus, cagnomen quoque intellegatur oportet. De 
-hominis enim certo et proprio vocabulo agitur, ut si dicamus idcirco 
.aliquem Caldum vocari, quod temerario et repentino consilio sit, and 
De orat., 11., 63, 257: Etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen, 
‘cum ad ridiculum convertas, quamobrem ita quis vocetur; comp. 
-also Quintil., VI., 3,53 ss. Hom., IL, VI., 201: ἢ τοι 6 Kam’ πεδίον τὸ 


41 Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter®, Leipzig, 1891, p. 35: “Die 
Denkmialer gewahren uns zahlreiche Zeugnisse, welche die Anwendung der 
linguistischen Theorie in ausgedehntestem Masse bei den Aegyptern bekunden. 
... Es tritt namlich in den mythologischen Schriftwerken der Aegypter haufig 
das deutliche Bestreben hervor, die theologischen Namen und Ausdriicke oder 
das besondere Stichwort eines Mythos auf linguistischem Wege und in etymolo- 
gischer Fassung zu erklaren und ihren Inhalt gleichsam sprachlich zu begriinden.” 

12 Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft, 1.» 
p. 120. 

48 On-play upon proper names in Greek, comp., besides Grasberger, quoted in 
the preceding ὃ, Hugo Steiger, Der Eigenname in der attischen Komiédie, Acta 
Seminarii philol. Erlangensis, V., p. 1 ff. 

#4 Comp. Tycho Momsen in Zeitschrift fiir Alterthumswissenschaft, IV., No. 13, 
Steiger, Zc., p. 4. 


PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 19 


᾿Αληίον οἷος ἀλᾶτο; XIX., gt: "Ary, ἢἣ πάντας ἀᾶται; Od., I., 62: 
Ὀδυσσεύς... τί vd of τόσον ὠδύσαο, comp. XIX., 406; XXIV., 465: 
Εὐπείθει πείθοντ᾽, etc.” Many of the puns which Plato, with his 
characteristically serene gravity, introduces to somewhat relieve the 
seriousness of a discourse are on proper names. Symp., 185°: 
Παυσανίου δὲ παυσαμένου ; 198°: Topyiov λόγος... Γοργίου κεφαλή ; 
Prot., 362%: Καλλίᾳ τῷ καλλῷ χαριζόμενος ; Rep., 580°: ὃ ᾿Αρίστωνος 
υἱὸς τὸν ἄριστον . . . ἔκρινε, comp. 614°; Euth., 291%; Laws, 969%. 
With the comedians it was a requisite that the names which they 
gave to the dramats persone should bear a relation to the character 
and habitus which they ascribed to them. Arist., Poetics, 9, 5, says 
of the comedians: διὰ τῶν εἰκότων τὰ τυχόντα ὁνόματα troréacw.” 
Donatus to Ter. Ad., I., 1, 1: Nomina personarum in comoediis 
duntaxat habere debent rationem et etymologiam. Thus a great 
‘number of the jokes in comedy is based on the treatment of proper 
names, and if the real etymology of a name did not present a comical 
relation, a fictitious one was supplied, or names were distorted to 
obtain one. For numerous instances in Aristoph., comp. Grasberger 
and Steiger, 7c. But the tragedians also did not disdain to allude 
ominis causa to the signification of proper names, and this in the 
most solemn and pathetic passages, as if to indicate by thé meaning 
of the name, the character and destiny of its bearer. Aeschyl., Ag., 
686 ss. (speaking of Helene): ἑλένας, ἕλανδρος, ἑλέπολις ; 1080 Ss. : 
"AmoAAov .. . ἀπόλλων ἐμός... ἀπώλεσας ; Prom., 85: ψευδωνύμως σε 
δαίμονες Προμηθέα καλοῦσιν" αὐτὸν γάρ σε δεῖ προμηθέως ; Soph., Aj., 
432 5.: Αἴας. .. νῦν γὰρ πάρεστι καὶ δὶς αἰάζειν ἐμοι; Ant., 1175: 
Αἵμων ὄλωλεν αὐτόχειρ δ᾽ αἱμάσσετα. The name Πολυνείκης is 
brought in connection with νεῖκος by all the three tragedians, 
Aeschyl., Seven ag. Th., 658 and 829; Soph., Ant., 110; Eur., 
Phoen., 636 and 1493. In the New Testament, Philemon v. 20: 
ἐγώ σου ὀναίμην ἐν κυρίῳ is considered a play on the name of Ὀνήσι- 
pos. — In Latin, it is again chiefly Plautus and Cicero who use proper 
names as material for puns. Plaut., A777. Gl., 288: Quod ego Scele- 
dre, scelus ex te audio, comp. 329, 493; Pseud., 223: Phoenicium 
poenicio corio; 691: Charinus ... euge, iam χάριν τούτῳ ποιῶ ; 
‘Bacch., 129: Non omnis aetas, Lude, ludo convenit ; 240: opus est 
chryso Chrysalo, comp. 271. Cic., Verr. A., ΤῸ I., 46: jus tam 
nequam esse Verrinum; IV., 24: Quod unquam, judices, huiusce 


45 Comp. Lersch, Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten, 111., p. 3 ff. 
46 Comp. Susemihl to this passage. 


20 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, 


modi everriculum wlla in provincia fuit? comp. Lig., 34, Planc., 34, 
58, Mur., 57, Rosc., Am., 46; Verg., Aen., vi., 844: vel te sulco, 
Serrane, serentem. Ovid: Cur ego non dicam, Furia, te furiam? 
Suet., Tiber., 70, relates the people cried: Tiberium in Tiberim. 
Shakesp., Rich. 11., IL, 1, 73: Gaunt! O how that name befits my 
composition! Old Gaunt, indeed ; and gaunt in being old. Schiller, 
Wallensteins Lager (Capuchin’s sermon): Der Rheinstrom ist worden 
zu einem Peinstrom ... Lasst sich nennen den Wallenstein ; Ja frei- 
lich ist er uns allen ein Stein des Anstosses und Aergernisses, Und so 
lang’ der Kaiser diesen Friedland Lasst walten, so wird nicht Fried 
im Land. Riickert: Ich kost’ im Kosegarten, Schon matt von 
Matthison. . . . O, du schmahlich halbvergessener, Unvergesslich 
mir, o Gessner. Dante, Purg., XIII., 109 f.: Savia non fui, avvegna 
che Sapia fossi chiamata. 


II. PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC 
LANGUAGES. 


§ 10. Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages 
In General. 


The fondness of the Orientals for little niceties of literary produc- 
tion, and for mere external devices and artifices of style, is well 
known. The proverb, the epigram, the riddle, the fable, and similar 
elegantly set and felicitously expressed brevities of literature have 
always been fondly cultivated and cherished by the Orientals, and the 
mechanical embellishments, calculated more for the eye and ear than 
for the intellect, play with them an important part in the estimation 
of the beauty of style.” The figures produced by similarity of sound 
are especially in favor with them.*® They correspond to the charac- 
teristic tendency of the Semites to emphasis, absoluteness, and vivid- 
ness of expression,” which shows itself also in the frequency of the 


47 Comp. I. v. Hammer, Geschichte der schinen Redehiinste Persiens, Ὁ. 333 
Schack, Poesie und Kunst der Araber, 1., p. 92 ff. 

48 Comp. Verschuir, Dissert. philol. exeget., p. 172: “Nihil Orientalibus in 
stylo sublimiore elegantius habetur paronomasiae figura, nihil apud poetas fre- 
quentius, nihil magis est in deliciis, ἐμφατικότερον nihil”; comp. zéid, p. 181. 

49 Comp. Renan, De /'origine du langage, p. 190: “. .. devaient étre émi- 
nemment propres aux énergiques déclamations des voyants et ἃ la peinture de 
fugitives impressions,” and idem, Histoire des langues sémitiques, p. 135: “une 
langue qui ne connnaft qu’une seule régle: exprimer avec vivacité, au moyen des 
ces méchanismes naturcls, ce qu’elle veut exprimer.” 


PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 21 


Jigura etymologica, in the tendency to repetition and to the accumu- 
lation of synonyms, and in the so-called paralleiismus membrorum in 
Hebrew. But the nature of the Semitic languages favors the occur- 
rence of similar sounds. The Semitic languages have retained much 
of the primitive sensuousness and plastic character of speech. The 
primary concrete signification of the words is still transparent in 
many cases; thus intensity of an idea is expressed by the doubling 
of consonants, originally by reduplication.” The same roots, or even 
stems, often develop widely different meanings; on the other hand, 
since many of the present three-consonantal stems in Hebrew have 
been differentiated from original two-consonantal roots, the concur- 
rence of similarly sounding words mutually related in meaning is 
facilitated and even often unavoidable.” In Hebrew, words different 
in the principal form (3d person perfect) may become quite alike, 
or very similar in form and pronunciation in the derivative forms. 
So, for inst., 87" and IN" in the imperf. 3d pers. plur., only distin- 
guished by the different place of the accent and the quantity. With 
regard to Hebrew, there should also be mentioned its comparatively 
large number of onomatopoetic words, a circumstance which stands 
in close relation to the occurrence of similarity of sound,” and its 
unsurpassed aptitude for depicting by means of tones and sounds.* 


§ 11. Lustances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic 
Dialects. 


Of all the Semitic dialects, Avadic takes the lead in delighting in 
plays of sound, and, by reason of the pliancy and flexibility of its 
words, in affording facilities for punning and for ambiguous expres- 
sions.* The whole range of these figures is comprised by the 
Arabian grammarians under the term of gindsun, or tagnisun,” of 
which they distinguish a great number of varieties. There may 


59 Comp. Stade, Lehrbuch, § 157%. 

51 Comp. Herder, Geist der hebritischen Poesie: “Zu allen dissen half ausser- 
ordentlich die Sprache, die in so wenige einander so 4hnliche Wurzelworter 
zusammengeht und mit ihren einfachen Verinderungen so viel verandert.” 

* 4 52 Comp. above, § 2, p. 4. ΐ 

53 Comp. Delitzsch’s Commentary on the Psalms, English edition, I., p. 31. 

54 Comp. Ahlwardt, Ueber Poesie und Poetik bei den Arabern, p. 74. 

55 Comp. above, § I, p. 4. 

ὅθ They are treated in detail by Mehren, Die Rhetorik der Araber, Kopenha- 
gen und Wien, 1853, p. 154 ff.; Freytag, Darstellung der arabischen Verskunst, 
p. 522 ff; Garcin de Tassy, Rhétorigue et Prosodie des langues de l'orient 


22 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


follow examples of the principal divisions. It is called a complete 
homogeneity (ginésu-et-¢éman) when words alike in form and pro- 
nunciation are different in meaning, as, for inst., Sure, 30, 54 f.:; 
vayauma tagimu-s-saatu yugsimu-l-mugrimina » mé labithi gaira 
sd@atin.. “On the day whereon the resurrection shall take place, the 
wicked will swear that they have not tarried above an hour.” Imper- 
fect (Bindsu-l-muharrafi), when the consonants are the same, but 
the vowels different: (saying of the prophet) a/ dainu sainu-/-dini. 
“The making of debts disgraces the religion.”” Incomplete (gindsu- 
t-thagi¢t), when one of the words has a letter more than the other 
(Sure, 75, 29 f.): valtaffati-s-sdqu bissdgi; wld rabbika yaum@ idi- 
l-masdgu. ‘And one leg shall be joined with the other leg (in 
death) ; on that day unto thy Lord shall he be driven.”’ (Proverb) : 
addi, Zahdi. “My happiness (lies in) my exertion.” Composite 
(zindsu-t-tarkibi), when one part of the combination consists of two 
words, or of a word and part of one (Busti): ᾿ζαάδ makkun lam 
yakun dé hibahu fadahu fadaulatuhu dihibahu. “When a king is 
not generous, let him alone, for his reign is transitory.” Transposed 
(gindsu-l-maglibi): ’illéhummu ’istur ‘aurdtind vdmin rau dtina. 
“0,, God, cover our nakedness, and strengthen our frightened hearts.’ 

Corresponding to alliteration and rime in formule and proverbial 
phrases treated above,” the Arabic has ’7#d‘un (properly “ following, 
assimilation”), treated by Dr. Max Griinert.’ This is one of the 
methods of strengthening and emphasizing of a word externally, 2.6. 
by postposition, employed for rhetorical effects, and consists in a 
word being followed by another one in itself often meaningless, or 
originally belonging to another notional sphere, but conforming in 
form and sound to the first, and thus forming with it a formula 
conceived as its synonym.” For inst., hasanun dasanun, very nice ; 
habithun bantthun, very mean; Saiténu laiténu, Satan! haniydén 
mariydn, prosit! Similar to the formule in the Indo-European 
languages,” the Arabic ΖΖόα' originated in the old popular language, 
and is especially frequent in proverbs.” 

Cognate to the za‘ in form and object, but different in nature, 
is the strengthening of an idea by the efymon, also treated by 


Muselman, p. 120 ff.; comp. also Riickert, Grammatik, Poetik und Rhetorik 
der Perser, p. 91 ff.; Néldecke, Geschichte des Qordns, p. 32 f. $7 § δ, 

88 Die Aliiteration im Alt-Arabischen (Verhandlungen des VII. internationalen 
Orientalisten- Congress) Wien, 1886, p. 183-227; comp. also the review by Prof. 
Pratorius in ZDAZG, XLIL,, p. 677 ff. 

59 Comp. above, ὃ 5. 69 Griinert, Zc, p. 188. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 23 


Dr. Griinert.“ It consists in a noun being followed by another one, 
which latter is etymologically connected with the former, and has’ 
for itself a definite meaning and grammatical position, but in this 
combination serves to strengthen the idea of the first word, making 
it, as it were, a superlative. For inst., Sug/un δόρει, urgent, difficult 
task ; mautun md ’itun, painful, hard death ; “/un talilun, deep, dark 
shadow ; ’abada-l-dbédi, for ever and ever; comp. also Sure, 3, 12; 
4, 00's (5, Ts 16, Ft a eH ete. 

Rime is not only employed by the Arabs in poetry, but in all 
elevated speech.” This rime of poetic prose, called Sag‘un, divides 
the speech in short members concluding with similar endings ; comp., 
for inst., Sure, 75, 5-10, 20-30. For the sake of rime, the usual form 
of words is sometimes changed ; for inst., Sure, 95, 2: vatiri sinina 
(and by the Mount Sinai) for s¢za, in order to make it rime with 
the following e/’amini.™ Rime is also a favorite form with Arabian 
authors for titles and headings of books.” 

In £¢hiopic, alliteration and play upon word are rare. In poetry, 
the single lines of a stanza end with the identical syllable. For 
instance, in the poetical encomium to the biographical sketch of 
Melchizedek (De viris sanctis. E Synaxariis, Dillmann, Chrestoma- 
thia Ethiopica, p. 16): 

Salam la-Malka Cédék ams4lu wasutafu 
la-za-macéa’ αἂϊ ba-damana déngél ‘agefu 
tabiban gébér ba-kama cahafu 
la-ségA ’adim haba tahanéca mé’érafu 
zénétu kahén yénabér la-zélufu. 
“ Hail to Melchizedek, type and associate 
Of Him who came —the Word (Logos) — in the cloud of the virgin as His 
garment, 
As it is written by the wise men. 


Where the resting-place for the body of Adam is built, 
There shall he remain a priest for ever.” 


Syriac poetry is distinguished by rime. . Single cases of parono- 

masia, for inst., Peshizo, Jer. xlviii. 36, IAN) [TAS SMW, they did 

- what was evil and perished ; Acts ii. 30, by ON JEST SAND 18 
we, 


61 Die Begriffsverstirkung durch das Etymon. Sitzungsberichte der Wiener 
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Volume CXXV. (1891), p. 1-46, 
reviewed by Th. N. in Zancke’s Literarisches Centralblatt, 1892, p. 410. 

62 Comp. Néldeke, Geschichte des Qordn, p. 27. 58 Comp. Néldeke, c., p. 30. 

64 Comp. W. Bacher, ZDI/G, XLVI., p. 54. On plays upon proper names in 
Arabic, comp. Mehren, @.c., p. 131. 65 Comp. Zingerle, ZDMG, X., p. 110 ff. 


24 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


‘TOD, from the fruit of thy loins will I set (one) upon thy throne. 
Ephraemi carmina (Roediger’s Chrestomathia Syriaca, p. 84, 5 ss.) : 


TD ID NII 
mw ROMs 
yao δῦ 83°03 
“ For his mouth is foul with invectives, 
And his tongue with maledictions, 
And in foul mud he is submerged.” 


Comp. zdem (p. 87, 2): nvs5o3 xnd5>, and the brides in their 
coronets. 

In Assyrian, there has thus far been found only a single fragment 
of an alliterative hymn. The hymn, which was probably composed 
as a prayer for a prince, consists of stanzas of five lines each, and the 
lines of each stanza begin with the same two consonants. Thus the 
second stanza reads : 


Arxu ἃ Sattu liktarubu esagila ciri 
Arrubé & Marduk lippitasu liktarab 
Arax a balati isimi akiti lisSakin nig(tu 
Arba‘a kibr4ti litatala zimeSu 

Arrié © zaninisu balat tub libbi listaraq. 


“ May month and year bring blessing to exalted Esagila; 
May its whole extent bless Marduk the Great. 
In the month of life, at the New Year’s festival let there music be made. 
May the four quarters (of the heavens) look upon his countenance; 
May he grant the ruler, giver of liberal offerings, a life of joy.” 


Perhaps there also belong here such combinations as zikru u zinnistu, 
men and women; mdésu u urru, day and night; rttu u masgitu, food 
and drink. An intentional rime is found in II R., 9, 28-31%: 


$a aba u. ummu 
18 ist 
$a abaSu ummasu 
18 τα. 
“ Father and mother 
He had not; 
His father and his mother 
He did not know.” 69 


66 Published in Pinches’ Babylonian Texts, No. 4, p. 15 ff. 

87 For ana rubé, in order to accord with the other lines. 

68 For ana rié, comp. the preceding remark. 

69 Comp. the observation of Prof. Haupt, Sumerische Familiengesetze, p. 57; 
rem. I: “It is interesting here to note the rime for the sake of which ummu was 
chosen at the end of the first line instead of wmma.” 


PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 25 


An allusion to the meaning of his name is made by Sargon (= Sarru 
Kénu), I R., 36, 40 ss.: Kima zikir Sumia Sa ana nacar kétti 
(= kénti) u mifSari SutéSur 14 ΕἼ 14 xabal en8i imbuinni ilani rabiti. 
“In accordance with the meaning of my name whereby the great 
gods have called me to protect right and justice, to guide the feeble, 
not to destroy the weak.’’” 


70 Dr. Christopher Johnston kindly calls my attention to the plays upon word 
in K 595 (Harper, Assyrian Letters, p. 7 f.) obverse 1. 16: ginnu kéntu, true 
stock, and 1. 27: iza ginnu Sunu luséribu, may they receive them into the family; 
and 1. 18,19: ¢alam Bél, counterfeit of the god Bel, and 1. 20: ina pi 3a 717 
4élé, from the mouth (2.6. by the will) of the two lords. 


i, 


Part Ih! 


III. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


A. LIMITS AND CONDITIONS OF PARONOMASIA IN 
HEBREW. 


1. Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style. 


HE charm and effect of paronomasia lie, as has been observed 
elsewhere,’ in the union of similarity of sound with dissimilarity 

of sense. Hence it does not include the reiteration of the same 
words or word-stems in the same meaning. [5. xxviii. 10 bp) 3 
py ὙΣῚ ow yt p> 3p ὙΦ yp wo, «precept upon precept, 
precept upon precept, rule upon rule, rule upon rule, here a little, 
there a little,” and similar passages, though powerful and impressive, 
do not contain a paronomasia, as the effect is not produced by the 
sound, but by the sense, of the words. Furthermore, to fall under 
the definition of paronomasia as an artifice of style, the similarity of 
sound must be manifestly designed by the author, not the result of an 
unavoidable coincidence, as, for instance, the first words of the Old 
Testament, 873 ΤΟΝ 2, or the beginning of the Psalter, "WN 
“WS WNIT; or of logical necessity, as in the combination of cor- 
related words, BN) 38, 13) 13, MINS) AN; or of a grammatical 
peculiarity of the language, as in the figura etymologica,’ the colloca- 
tion of an infinitive with its finite verb or of a noun in the singular with 
its own plural to form a superlative ; or of grammatical congruence, 
as Ps. vill. 5 JPEN 2 BAS 131 DIN "D> Wis Ms, 1 Sam. xviii. 7 
ymaa33 Ty ἸΈΣΝΞ Sw m4; comp. also Gen. iv. 23, 
Jud. xiv. 18, xvi. 24, Ps. cxxiv., and similar passages, which are often 
adduced as instances of rime in the Old Testament.* For the same 


1 Appeared in the Yournal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XII1., Pt. ii. p. 105 ff. 

2 Pt.1., 83; 8. 6, 

8 The frequency or infrequency with which this construction is employed may 
amount to a peculiarity of style; the figure in itself cannot be so regarded. 

4 Comp. Reuss, Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Alten Testaments, § 125; 
and on the other hand, Delitzsch, in his Commentary on Ps. cxxiv., and Introduc- 
tion to the Psalter, p. 28 f. (English transl.). 

26 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 27 


reason, the auxiliary prefixes do not count in alliteration; else all 
imperfect and participle forms (with the exception of ptcp. Qa/) 
would alliterate. The nominal preformatives are an exception to 
this rule, because they were no longer felt to be formative elements,’ 
as in N3VS) NS, going out and coming in (202 ; comp. 205 a.0.).° 
In the few cases where a stem-consonant alliterates with a prefix, 
the similarity extends to the whole words, as “1 “11, the guilty and 
the pure (101 ; comp. 45, 54, 143, 204, 223, 383, 461). 


2. Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound. 


The observations made in the preceding paragraph suggest the 
question, How are we to know whether the agreement in sound 
between two or more words is intentional or not? It is impossible 
to give a universal criterion applicable to every particular case. In 
many instances the decision will be a matter of individual feeling. 
It must also be borne in mind, on the one hand, that since parono- 
masia exists for the ear, not for the eye, harmonies of sound may be 
overlooked by the reader of a foreign, and especially of a dead, 
language ; on the other hand, that the critic, who is in search of 
them, is apt to perceive assonances even in cases which would not 
be recognized as such in the living speech. We must also distin- 
guish between the intention of the writer and the genius of the 
language. A writer may use a paronomasia unintentionally and 
unconsciously, merely because the language has a tendency to, and 
an aptitude for, these figures.’ So much may be said in general. 
There can be no doubt that the congruence of sound is intended in 
those combinations which recur often, and have thus the character 
of a formula ; in those in which unusual words or forms are employed 
in order to produce similarity of sound ; and in the plays upon proper 
names. Accumulation is also an evidence of design; that is, where 
either several words assonate with one another,’ or two or more paro- 
nomasias occur in the same verse.’ Intention is to be assumed more 


5 Thus, in Latin also, cura alliterates with cogitatio, plane with perspicue, etc.; 
comp. Wolfflin, Die alliterativen Verbindungen im Lateinischen (Sitzungsbericht 
der Bayrischen Akademie, 1881), p. 4 f. 

6 The numbers refer to the list of passages in the Old Testament in which 
paronomasia occurs; below, p. 44 ff. 

7 Comp. Ley, Die metrischen Formen der hebriischen Poesie, Leipzig, 1866, 
p. 18. 

8 Comp. List, No. 41, 62, etc. 

9 Comp. No. 43, 59, 71, etc. 


28 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


frequently in syntactically co-ordinated than in subordinated words, 
especially when the combination is distributed over two parallel 
members.” Besides this the diction of the passages in which they 
occur and the relation they bear to it must be considered. In 
elevated speech, where the paronomasias add to its solemnity and 
impressiveness, they may be deemed intentional. In less elevated 
style, such combinations as add but little to the emphasis and 
significance may generally be deemed accidental. 


3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other. 


In Latin, Old-German, and Anglo-Saxon, alliteration is restricted 
to precisely the same consonants." In Hebrew, however, there is 
greater liberty. 

ἐξ alliterates with 9 in “BS) ΤΩΝ, powder and dust (4), [IS 
Spy, misery and distress (12; comp. also 36, 316, 319, 324). 
The interchange of Y with δὲ in several cases, as SNM Am. vi. 8, 
xia and PION] Mal. i. 7, and DXMB side by side with DMB,” 
would show that in Hebrew, as in the Aramean dialects, the distinc- 
tion in pronunciation between Y and δὲ began early to be effaced, 
although that between 9 and 9 (= Arab. gazn) is still to be traced 
in the transcription of proper names in the Septuagint. But even 
in Arabic, where the enunciation of these gutturals is sharply distin- 
guished, they are found in alliteration.” 

The mute medi@ may alliterate with znues. Thus 3 with 5 in 
5 355 sr v3, swallow up, O Lord, divide their tongue (51 ; 
comp. 46, 332); 4 with [9 in 5) ΓΞ wp “Oy, lift up thy voice, 
O daughter Gallim (72); 5 with P in 13) DIP 93 yn, Bél hath 
bowed down, Nebo hath crouched (182; comp. 173, 181, 386); 
“with © in AY OY, judgment and knowledge (152); 7 with ἢ 
in WINN) 734, corn and wine (80); © with Fi in San ‘TIO, those 
that daub with untempered mortar (153). All these consonants 
interchange freely in the various Semitic dialects, and not infre- 
quently within one and the same language. So 2 with B: MSD 


10 Comp. No. 12, 14, 42, 100, etc. 

11 Comp. Wilfflin, Die alliter. Verbindungen im Lat. p. 3 f.; Vilmar, Gramm., 
IL, p. 21 f.; Hofer, Alviteration bei Gower, p. 76 f. 

12 Comp. Ewald, §59 c, and Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic 
Languages, p. 48 f., 63 f. 

18 Comp. Griinert, Die Alliteration im Alt-Arabischen (Verhandlungen des 
VII. Internationalen Orientalisten Congresses, Semitische Section), Wien., 1886; 
p. 188, 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 29 


and NSN, lead; MDI, SM57 and SME}, Arab. 27/¢ (which is, how- 
ever, a loan-word), pitch ; “WH and “2 (Ps. Ixviii. 31, Dan. xi. 42), 
spread out, scatter.* 2, 5 and Pp, IM and Arab. gahada, deny, 
conceal; “WD and “28, close, shut ; BWP, NOW, but Mand. 
NOWID, truth ;” YD1D and ΣῚΡ, head-gear, — compare, in Assyrian, 
the dialectic variety of gét and gdtu, hand, gaggadu and gaggadu, 
head ;° “3, Ὁ and ἢ, as in Hebrew and Aram. 20), Arab. and 
Ethiop. gaza/a, FJOM and ΓΙ, to snatch away, ΓΞ and Syr. N30, 
rumor, report, ὩΣ and Arab. duff, tambourine, “101. and oT 
Arab. dér and /ér, period.” 

In like manner, the sibilants alliterate with each other: 1 with Ὁ 
in $3101 55, glutton and drunkard (x05); 1 with Win OM9 PS 
O73) ΠΩΣ 735 ἢ “SW, neither have they any more a reward, 
for the memory of them is forgotten long ago (416); ὦ with W in 
ΤῚΣ TW, thy rulers are rebels (422; comp. 278, 281, 423); 
D with Win iow Saws Ὁ ΟΣῚ os omnes Soon 1133, folly 
is enthroned on great heights, while the rich sit in low place (286; | 
comp. 280); W with W in OVW AMV, joy and songs (417; 
comp. 418, 421, 425, and many others) ; 1 interchanges with D in 
“11 and “ND, turn away, and by partial assimilation in 31!) and ἼΘΙ, 
mixed drink; W and W are later differentiations of an old-Semitic καὶ, ὃ 
and interchange in Hebrew and in Aramaic and Arabic. Ὁ and ὦ 
interchange not only in the various Semitic languages, but also dia- 
lectically in Hebrew, as n52D and nosv), Jud. xii. 6; and Paw, 
coat of mail, occurs with all these three sibilants, 1 Sam. xvii. 5, 38, 
Ps. xxix. 6, and Jer. xlvi. 4, li. 3. 

Mand 3 are perhaps found in alliteration in ΠΡ ΘΓ 2 3 9 Ὁ, 
she will bring thee honor, when thou dost cherish her (168).” 


14 In Assyrian, the same word is written now with 3, now with 9; for example, 
epésu and ebésu, do, napi3tu and nabistu, soul, life, di3pu and disbu = wa, 
honey; comp. Haupt, Bettrage zur assyr. Lautllehre, p. 102, n. 3. 

15 Comp. Wright, /.c., p. 50. 

16 In Latin also, g alliterates with c and g; comp. Kvitala, Neue Beitrige zur 
Erklirung der Aeneis, p. 442 f. 

x a Comp. Wright, /.c., p. 53. In Arabic also, ¢ and d alliterate with ¢; comp. 
Griinert, /.c., p. 188. 

18 Comp. Haupt in ZDMG, XXXIV., p. 757-63. 

19 ¥ is changed to s in the Assyrian pronominal suffixes when it is preceded by 
another sibilant or dental, as md¢su, his country, waknisunuti (= usaknissunuti 
= usaknissunuti), 1 subdued them; comp. Delitzsch, Assyr. Gramm., § 51. 

20 On the mutual relation of these two consonants, and on the transcription of 
Arab. & by 3, see ZDMG, XXXVIL, p. 458 f.; Wright, ἀκ, p. 51. 


30 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


B. THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PARONOMASIA IN THE 
OLD TESTAMENT. ‘ - 


4. Alliteration in Syntactically Co-ordinated Words and in 
Formule. 


Alliteration is the most frequent form of paronomasia in the Old 
Testament. As in other languages,” its proper nidus is in syntacti- 
cally co-ordinated words, where, in not a few cases, it forms set 
phrases. The force of alliteration in these combinations is, as in 
other languages, that of emphasis and impressiveness.” By far the 
larger number of such collocations consist of synonyms. The pro- 
portion of paronomasia in words of opposite sense to that of cognate 
is as one to seven. Antithesis is in general more rare in language 
than the juxtaposition of synonyms, as more reflection and skill are 
required for the former than for the latter, and especially in parono- 
masia, where the similarity of sound must be considered. With 
regard to the parts of speech, nouns are more frequently combined 
with nouns in paronomasia than either verbs with verbs, or verbs with 
nouns, the proportion of these to the former being 1: 2.62, and 
1:3.5 respectively. 


5. The Mutual Relation of the Words. 


1. The relative position of the words in alliteration is the same 
which obtains generally in the collocation of synonyms. The longer 
word, or the word with the more specific sense, stands usually in the 
second place, forming a kind of climax: ΠῚ NW, glory and splen- 
dor (91); PIT) O97 Wm, thou shalt thresh mountains and 
crush (crumble) them (82); S78) SS, enemy and lier in wait 
(16); “a1 1959 48 15 (10; Prov. xxiii. 29); BIND" OID", and 
they smote them and crushed them (186). In some combinations the 
words often change their position: D3! ΤῊΝ and 78) by, misery 
and wretchedness, or sin and iniquity (12); WIN) JAI and WIN" 
1571, corn and wine (80); FSM 5. and Sm Mein, wall and 
rampart (120). It is not necessary that the combined words should 
follow in immediate succession. They may even be distributed 
between the parallel members of a verse: “WOW JOSS 77 
BIS TIW ΤΊΣ 3, Jahveh, when thou wentest out of Seir, when 
thou didst march out of the field of Edom (365) ; ons pow Ἢ" 


21 Comp. Pt. i., §5 and §11. 22 Comp. the paragraphs cited in the last note. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 31 


THDAASS sows, let there be peace in thy ramparts and prosperity 
in thy palaces (464). Asyndeton of the combined words — essential 
in Arabic® and Latin * — is the exception. 

2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined 
words, they are either strictly synonymous, as “DP' PIN, powder 
and dust (4) ; 301 M1510, storm and tempest (278); AMA ww, 
joy and gladness (414) ; or express cognate ideas, as pax at mip) 
yor ΝῚΠ “0531, Jahveh is an avenger to his adversaries, and he 
keepeth wrath to his enemies (269) ; Say 12), cloud and darkness 
(314); moan oowsi ISSN ΠΣ “Dd, for with joy shall ye go 
forth, and with peace shall ye be led (418); or the ideas belong to 
the same sphere, as OT) "3", pestilence and bloodshed (79); MXM 
ὩΣ ΝΠ, spear and arrows (132); TEP) MNP, the pelican and porcu- 
pine (371); the words may express a contrast, and be combined to 
express indifference to the contrast,” as NOV) NV, the going out 
and coming in (202); or present the extremes of a series, thus 
expressing absoluteness, totality, as SVD) “NSP DDN), and there is 
neither he that is shut up, nor he that is loose, 2.5. none whatever 
(320); ΓΟ AY... AS", Jahveh will exterminate watcher (or 
caller) and answerer, z.e. every one (323). 

Combinations of derivatives from the same stem :” FANWS) ANY, 
waste and desolation (426), z.e. utter desolation ; ΠΝ FIN, moan- 
ing and bemoaning, 2.6. exceeding lamentation (497), —a kind of 
superlative similar to DWP Wp, holy of holies, the most holy. 

Instances of antithesis are IMEX ND} PRON, I trust, and am not 
afraid (46); PIM S&° PM AMM, instead of wheat come out thorns 
(113); ANON ΣΦ ΤΙΝΊ ord pty dws, the work of the 
righteous tendeth to life, the income of the wicked to sin (115); etc. 


6. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words. 


The number of instances of paronomasia in grammatically subor- 
dinated words is comparatively small. Besides, it is in such cases 
often more difficult to decide than in co-ordinated words whether 
the accordance of sound was intended, or is merely accidental.” 
The following may serve as examples : — 

1. The combined words stand in the relation of subject and predi- 
cate: PON πον πον, curse consumed the earth (26) ; ΟΝ ἼΣΠῚ 


38 Griinert, /.c., Ρ. 18). % ΜΥΟΙΒΊη, Die alliter. Verd., Le. p. 13. 
* CE Pt. i, § 5. 26 Cf. Pt. i., § 5, and Pratorius, ZDMW/G, XLIL., p. 678. 
27 Cf. Pt. i., § 11. 28 Comp. Ewald, § 313 c. 29 Cf. above, § 2. 


22 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


FANDOM, but sin is the reproach of nations (134); OW PM, her 
merchants are princes (281). 

2. Predicate and object: 47M, when he set a compass (138) ; 
ΣΝ IS, they beset our steps (352); MP OX), they reap 
thorns (376). 

3. The combined words stand in genitive relation to one another: 
son “55m, slain by the sword (124); NBIN On, the wealth of the 
sinner (366); [WW OW, a name of joy (467). 

4. One member of the combination is a complement, or contains 
an adverbial qualification of the other: ὩΣ ΝΟ "DN SN, I was 
father to the needy (1) ; ony mS, dumb idols ( 30); O73 
ΠῚ 2.93, thou wilt slay their young men with the sword (45). 

3. The combination forms a comparison: 22 712 DYN "7S", 
the words of the wise are like goads (78); “2° “SN “VES, he 
scattereth hoar-frost like ashes (179); 210 fiawi DW ai, a good 
name is better than precious ointment (469). 

In all these cases, the similarity of sound strengthens and illustrates 
the relation of the words to one another. 


7. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration. 


To constitute an alliteration, the agreement of one sound, ze. of 
the first consonant, is sufficient. Quite frequently, however, it is 
extended to two or more consonants, and to the similarity of the 
consonants there is added that of the vowels, so that the words 
correspond almost entirely in sound: 1S!) “ki, siege and afflic- 
tion (228); “ΞΝῚ “EY, dust and ashes (316); WY") OV, thunder 
and earthquake (409). So also sometimes three or more words 
alliterate: M5) FMD) M5, terror, and a pit, and a snare (330); 
M13) ADIs) TvswvS BN, a day of discomfiture, and of treading 
down, and of perplexity (199); ὩῚΡ PWN WS OMS Was NDS 
mit Oey Mts wp, throne of glory, exalted from the begin- 
ning, place of our sanctuary, hope of Israel — Jahveh (176) ; or several 
alliterative couples stand together: “NW DW “1221 7.2, progeny and 
offspring, name and remnant (258, 468; Is. xiv. 22); n> ΤῈ TD 
Sm mein mw ΓΝ 2)", a city of strength is ours, salvation doth he 
appoint for walls and bulwarks (303 ; Is. xxvi. 1). 


PARONOMASIA IN THE GLD TESTAMENT. 33 


8. Assonance. 


Of the subtle assonance™ there are in Hebrew, in which the con- 
sonantal element predominates, hardly any instances, except perhaps 
ΠῚ AI7AND JS, a rebellious and refractory son (289); IPA" PTW, 
blasting and mildew (442); [ITD ΣΦ ΠΤ, shyness, madness, 
and blindness (500). If such cases as those quoted by Ley,” e.g. 
ΙΝ (35379 SB, and his rider falls back, be considered as exam- 
ples of this figure, it would be possible to find assonance in every line 
of the Old Testament. 

9. Rime. 


Excluding, in accordance with what was said above,” the congru- 
ence of sound in the flexional endings, and limiting rime as a species 
of paronomasia to the cases in which the similarity is in a stem- 
syllable, the number of instances of rime in the Old Testament is 
comparatively small; and it is always combined with assonance of 
the whole word, as in ys 533 max, the earth is stricken down 
and withered (2); DYON) DS (15); PONT WAN) wsaM, and 
the earth shaketh and quaketh (74); FATSEM MAY, a crown of 
glory (302); wD) TW, an escaped one and survivor (333); 
Mop πῶ" "53 ΠΝ, a bud that doth not bring forth meal (362) ; 
ΝΡ ΣΦ 3, in the overflowing of anger (492); W713) WN, waste 
and void (499), etc. 


10. Epanastrophe. 


There are only a few instances in the Old Testament of the 
recurrence of the final syllable of a word at the beginning of the 
immediately following word, a figure disapproved of by the old 
rhetoricians:® MWD wax V3", his enemies I will clothe with 
shame (61) ; ond sen mens ONY, that they are beasts with regard 
to themselves (97) ; 85995 Mw WB, he hath spread a net for my 
feet (411), etc. 


- 


11. Play upon Words. 


1. There are only a few cases in the Old Testament of plays pro- 
duced by a single word which suggests by its form, or alludes to, 
another word similar to it in sound, but of contrasted signification,™ 
as in [I$ “73, the young men of Heliopolis (11), where [i8, the 
Hebrew name of that city, is spitefully altered to 78, idolatry, wicked- 


SU Ch eRt oi Sts 31 Die metrischen Formen, u.s.w., p. 95. 
82 § 1, p. 26f. 33 Cf. Quint., ix., 4, 41. ΓΟ ΡΕΣΙ, 8. 8. 1ς 
Ρ 


34 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


ness, and in [IS M3 Syn Oy, which contains a bitter parody on 
Bethel. In ΘΠ YH, his watchmen (prophets) are dreaming (93), a 
sarcastic allusion to D'M, seers, may be seen. According to Professor 
Haupt, "21, in Eccl. xii. 1, alludes to "31. A play on the double 
meaning of a word is perhaps contained in mu ΝΣ j=, and 
Tyre built for herself a bulwark, or siege (353, note). A case of the 
division of one word into two is perhaps to be found in ὩΣ, Na, 
the spite of the haughty (63), where the géré O°)" 15 is thought 
by some commentators to allude to the 2.2)", Greeks,® and in Nop 
125 ΡΣ and disgrace upon thy glory (384), reminding of δ 
Nop. In this connection may also be mentioned a case in which 
there is no similarity of sound, and the play is only on the thought : 
Awa Psy Vay ΞΟ o>5 "33, Pass thou away, O inhabitress 
of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped in shame (491), where Shaphir is 
probably altered from Shamir, in order to play on its appellative 
signification. : 

2. But the mass of plays upon words in the Old Testament are 
such as are brought about by the combination of two words, and 
following the classification given in Part i. (§ 8, 2), we may distin- 
guish the following cases : — 

a. The repetition of the same word in a different meaning (an/an- 
.aclasis). 

a. The same word is repeated in two different meanings, both of 
‘which properly belong to it: W'S "75 ΝΠ ΡΟ Sy onyaw x 
nant ΝΟ. os ΝΡ ὍΣ. ΤΙΝ, ye have not hearkened 
‘unto me to proclaim liberty every one to his brother, ... behold I 
‘proclaim liberty to you... to the sword (87); MIMI"... ΠΞ "D 
ΩΤ. ΓΊΠΞῚ 15 ὙΠ sion, because Ephraim hath made a multi- 
tude of altars to sin, the altars became to him a punishment (114%) ; 
comp. Nos. 117, 146, 219, 252, 253, 266, 296, 368, 379, 407, 455, 
474; 483. 

β. The same word is repeated in its proper and transferred sense, 
as in OID NWI... ὩΣ op “PNW, I lifted up my hand against 
them ..., and they shall bear their sin, 2.6. the consequence of it, pun- 
ishment (272); NW, burden, and oracle (234%); comp. Nos. 154, 
375, 443, 457, 484. 

y. The meaning in the repetition is qualified, or emphasized : M's" 
Way ae pr τ ‘TT i139, Jahveh, thy hand hath been lifted up, 
but they saw it not; they sha// see —and be ashamed (112). 


85 Cf. No. 58, note. 86 Cf. No. 63, n. 28. 87 Cf. No. 384, note. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 35 


ὦ. Combination of homonyms: ... OA VSN War “VAN h3 
“ἢ “VS, with the jaw-bone of an ass heaps of heaps... have I 
smitten (129); YOO AAA aon ΠΣ, as the sound of thorns 
under the pot (so is the sport of the fool; 283); comp. Nos. 232, 
295» 305, 450. 

c. Change of voice of the verb: ΤΙΝΙ 210 ΓΔ ΝΠ OS 
ORM DAM ANA Kan ON) ONKN, if ye are willing and obey, 
ye shall eat the good of the land, but if ye refuse and rebel, ye 
shall be devoured by the sword (24); BONN NS 5 aN Nd ON, 
if ye believe not, verily ye will not remain (31); comp. Nos. 111, 
164, 260, 291, 311, 375, 428, 474. 

α΄. The other plays upon words, which imply a “ parva mutatio 
verbi,” cannot be minutely classified. The following groups may, 
however, be distinguished : — 

a. The consonants are alike and stand in the same order, but the 
vowel is different : pon ons ‘pons, in the smooth stones of the 
brook is thy portion (126); Ὡ 2 aon DD [SS son εν IPN, and 
he made him suck milk of sheep with fat of rams (128) ; by =n 
sta Sy oan Dwr, sword upon the Chaldeans, drought upon 
their waters (142); comp. 249, 324, etc. 

B. One consonant, either in the beginning, middle, or end of the 
word, is different : Ox “WN MUM, they rebelled against the words 
of God (32); ΠΡ aM ΠΡῚΝ ΠΕ mm wawaS yp", and 
he hoped for justice, but behold oppression, for righteousness, but 
behold a cry (240); NID 3 TWA NTN ΝΟῚ NAM wd wows, 
when the tongue scourgeth thou shalt be hidden, and thou shalt not 
fear destruction when it cometh (447). 

y. One word has an additional syllable: N12" "TW MW, like a 
destruction from Shaddai will it come (438) ; 523 MAY "Mwys 
DMIs BYNwr, when I shall execute judgment on all those that 
despise them (486); FAM 695 san NY 551, and all his auxiliary 
troops I will scatter to every wind (299). 

ὃ. The consonants are transposed : ynos δ) ἼΣΞ Ὃν yom 
DIN, he delivers the afflicted in his affliction, and opens his ear in 
oppression (125); “DS FARM “SB, a coronet in place of ashes 
” (828); mex Ὁ "NX OW", he turned water-springs into a 
thirsty ground (360). 


‘ 
an 


UNIVERSITY). 


a 


26 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


12. Plays upon Proper Names. 


With the Hebrews a name was a speaking reality, even more than 
with the Greeks. Not only were thoughts and sentiments attached 
to names,” but even most of the historical lore was grouped around 
them as landmarks and milestones.” The names of persons, tribes, 
and places were made to suggest the moral character attributed to 
them, or the important events connected with them. ‘This explains 
the numerous etymological explanations of proper names in the 
historical books of the Old Testament.” 

It would be out of place to consider here the historical value of 
the etymological explanations of names, and the relation between 
them and the narratives which form their material basis ; we have to 
do with them merely from a philological point of view, that is, only 
as far as they bear upon paronomasia. 

These explanations are not properly plays upon words, —at least, 
they are not intended as such, and there would, therefore, be no 
reason to quote them in a discussion of paronomasia, but for the 
circumstance that, in many instances, the relation between the proper 
name and the appellative which should explain it is not etymological, 
but consists in a mere similarity of sound by means of which some 
sentiment or fact is brought into connection with a name.” Thus 
the very first etymological explanation of a name given in the Old 
Testament seems to be philologically impossible: MWS 87>" ΓΝ 
sip ὍΝ "DB, she shall be called woman, because she was taken 
out of man, Gen. ii. 23 (37); for comparison with the other Semitic 
languages shows that W"N and ΠΝ have a different W, and conse- 
quently are derived from different roots. The equivalent of TWN in 
Arabic is ’vnz@, in Aram. SUS or ΣΝ. It has thus, according 


88 Comp. Pt. i, ὃ 9. 

89 Comp. the blessing of Noah, Gen. ix. 27, and that of Jacob, Gen. xlix. 

40 Herder, Werke, Vol. XII., p. 193 (ed. Suphan): “Von den 4ltesten Zeiten 
an war bei den Ebrdern Alles an Namen geheftet,” and p.197: “ Bei den Ebraern 
beruht Geschichte und Dichtkunst grossen Theiles auf Paronomasien, wie auf 
Originibus der Sprache.” 

#1 According to E. Nestle, Die Jsraelitischen Eigennamen, p. 5, there are more 
than a hundred explanations of proper names in the Old Testament, of which 
fifty-one occur in Genesis alone. 

42 This was recognized even by Simonis, Onomastica, p. 5: “Scriptura sacra. 
sicubi nomina propria explicat, non semper per eandem radicem unde descendunt, 
sed interdum per cognatam id facere solet, non tam verborum quam rerum habita 
ratione.” 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 37 


to Professor Haupt’s table of the differentiation of the sibilants in the 
Semitic languages,” a W,, and comes from a stem WIN, Assyr. énésu, 
be weak; while YW" comes from a stem W'S, be strong, which is 
extant in WWM, show yourselves men, Is. xlvi. 8, and in the 
proper name UNIT, or WN, 2 Ki. xii. 1, 20. 

The name ΓΦ is explained by: wwe DoT fi 2, for I 
drew him out of the water. But MW? as participle active can only 
mean “ extrahens,” not “ extractus.”* In reality, MW is probably 
not a Hebrew name, but the Hebraized Egyptian mesz, child (Lauth- 
Ebers). An Egyptian etymology was suggested by Josephus, “4221. ii. 
9, 6 (comp. Contra Apionem, i. 31; Philo, Vita Mosis, i. 4; Clem. 
Alex., Strom., i. 343), accommodating it to the explanation given in 
Exod. ii. 10: τὸ yap ὕδωρ paid οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι καλοῦσιν, ἐσῆς δὲ τοὺς [ἐξ 
ὕδατος σωθέντας. The name of the son of Moses QW") is explained 
by PPD) PANS “FT “7, a stranger am I in a foreign country (75), 
as if it were a compound of “ and OW (for OW) ; whereas it prob- 

ably comes from WJ, drive out, with the nominal ending om, instead 
of the usual on.” 

So also “IY ΕΣ is explained to be a compound of δ. heap, and εν, 
witness (70), while it is probably connected with the Arabic Za/‘ad, 
something hard, rough. 

5599 is derived from 555, mix, confuse (39), as if it were a 
contraction of babs ; ;*8 but it is known from the Assyrian cuneiform 


48 Die Sumerischen Familiengesetze, p. 20, rem. 3. 

44 See Haupt, Z.c., p. 25, rem. 6, and Fried. Delitzsch, Prolegomena 2u einem 
neuen Worterbuch tiber das Alte Test., p. 160-164; comp., however, Néldeke in 
his review of this book in ZDM/G, XL., p. 739 f. The difference of the two 
stems was already noticed by P. von Bohlen, Die Genesis, 1835, p- 36, n. 22. 

45 Dillmann’s proposition to take it as ptcp. Poal with apheresis of the pre- 
formative ) (comp. Ewald, ὃ 1697, and Gesen., § 52, 2, rem. 6), would be too 
forced in this case. 

46 Professor Haupt, in an unpublished paper of 1877, “ Die biblische und semi- 
tische Sprachwissenschaft,” which he kindly placed at my disposal, suggests that the 
name ΓΙ originated in the mission of Moses as de/iverer of Israel from Egypt. 
A kind of parallel to it is found in the Hiduse Agadoth (ΠΥ δὲ *WI)) on Hulin, 

τ 189}: “ Before he was named so by the daughter of Pharaoh the Tora called him 
by this name, because he led and drew out Israel from the sea, .. . and therefore 
was he called, ‘He who has drawn out,’ and not ‘He who was drawn out’” 
ninw ow Sy mr ow2 MN TAN ANID AID Na Ὕ Oy 13 ΜΡ) Dp) 
«Οὐδ I AWAD NV TID NAPI IOV... DT [0 Ww AR ΠΡῸΣ Ns 

47 Comp. Stade, § 2962. 

48 As 2312 = 3322, NDVIW=MDVDY; comp. Ewald, § 158°; Stade, ὃ 124%. 


28 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


inscriptions that Babilu, the corresponding Assyrian name of the 
city, is a compound of 444, gate, and ¢/u, god, the gate of god.” 

But in many cases it is quite apparent that it is not an etymology 
which is intended, but a paronomasia. So when M3 is explained 
from ἼΓἼ Ml, this one will comfort us (255), on which even 
Ber. rabba comments that “the explanation does not suit the name, 
nor the name the explanation; it should either read, Noah will give 
us rest (which the LXX have, καταπαύσει), or Nahman will comfort 
us.” So also SNWIW is derived from Oxw, to ask (427), while it 
can only be either a contraction from by VW, heard by God (like 
65571), or, better, a compound from bys Dw, name of God, the 
ἢ being the old nominative ending, as in mown, Seb, the Phceni- 
cian 5y3"19, Hasdrubal, etc.” The explanation given is probably 
due to a confusion of Sxvaw with Ow. Dy ΓΝ, the valley of 
trouble (307), is derived from the name 729, and it is interesting 
that, perhaps in consequence of this etymology, the Chronicler 
(1 Chr. ii. 7) changed the latter name into “D9. 

Thus in most of the explanations of proper names in the Old 
Testament we have examples of popular etymology, which is satisfied 
with a partial agreement in sound between the name and the appel- 
lative which was suggested by it. 

In the plays upon proper names, still less regard is had to the real 
meaning. Occasionally the true etymology of a name is hit upon, 
but in general the appellative is suggested by the sound. [ISWM3 
"0 po) O32 Ay Sy WWM, In Hesbon (Counting Town), they 
designed evil against her, and thou also Madmen (Dunghill) wilt be 
brought to silence (149, 84); “PSN PPP MAN ADNy AID “SD, for 
Gaza (Stronghold) will be abandoned, and Ekron (Extermination) 
will be exterminated (297, 322); EAD ΓΝ MDM, and I shall 
cut off the Cherethites (183); VOD ["" 75, Dan will judge his 


49 Comp. I. R., 52, No. 5, 2, 7, 11; IV., 18, 113 27, 29% (Ba-bi-lu); IV., 12, 
14; 20, No. 3, 13; 29, 225 (Ba-di-lim); Neb. Grot. 1., 7. (Ba-bi-lam); 1., 4, 
No. xv., 1, 2; 35, No. 1, 23; 48, No. δ, 3; IL, 13, 25°4; IV., 12, 13 (Ka- 
dingir-ra). 

D7 NIP PA WAND ΦΎΤΟΤΙ I own xd) DWN ANA ΦΎΣΙ Nd 
WIND A FMI Ἰδὲ 1272 ΠῚ MI ON xn. Rashi, after AZidrash Tanhuma, 
divides 13°12" into 431) MJ}, and finds the etymology of the name Noah in the 
first part. 

51 So Ewald, § 275, rem. 3. 


. 52 Comp. Stade, § 3445; Judah Hayyug and Ibn Ezra even propose the reading 
sy, 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 39 


people (86°; comp. 86°) ; wo> movr woud ΠΞΞΊΩΝ ann, 
harness the swift steed to the chariot, O inhabitress of Lachish (192). 

One and the same name is sometimes variously played upon, 
either with reference to different meanings of the same word, or to a 


‘different word. Thus the name “Ἴ2 is explained by 33, with good 


-» 


luck, or 12 S23, good luck hath come (Gen. xxx. 11; No. 657). In 
the blessing of Jacob the play is made: SPY TW ST WT TW "2, 
Gad, troops will crowd against him, but he will overcome (prop., cut 
off) the rear (Gen. xlix. 19; No. 65°). Both the notion of luck 
and of a troop, which are suggested by the name “J, are connected 
with the same stem 1), and its by-form “2. Its proper meaning is, 
‘cut’; comp. Deut. xiv. 1, TRAN x, ye shall not cut yourselves ; 
then, cut one’s part, give him as his lot ; hence "4, Syr. δ 2, Arab. Sada, 
luck ; ‘335, or 1 SPD, Jos. xi. 17, xii. 7, xiii. 5, the god of fortune.” 
On the other hand, "iA, a troop, z.e. a division. 

So also the name 3/9" is first explained by WY 3PS3 NIN 7%, 
and his hand was holding the heel of Esau (Gen. xxv. 26; No. 321°), 


᾿ς “heel-holder” ; but when Esau was defrauded by him of his birth- 


right and of his father’s blessing, he exclaims bitterly, JW ΝΡ "27 
ὩῺΣΘΒ M39" 3py", was he then called Jacob (deceiver) because 
he deceived me thus twice (Gen. xxvii. 36; No. 321°); and again, 
when Hosea reviews the history and character of Jacob, he alludes 
to his name in the words, TON FN SPP 1222, in the mother’s womb 
he took the heel of his brother (Hos. xii. 4; No. 321°). The primi- 
tive meaning of the stem 39 is, bend; hence 329, heel, prop., the 
curvature of the foot; 3>¥, end, prop., the turn, issue, of a thing ;” 
=P9, hill, slope (Is. xl. 4), Eth.‘agad. From 3% is derived the 
denominative stem 3/29, come after one ; prop., tread on the heels, 
then, lie in wait and restrain one by putting out the heel or foot ; 
Aram. 329; comp. Job xxxvii. 4, BApd" x5) and the Targum on 
this passage; Eth. ‘egada, keep, preserve, guard; then, deceive, 
prop., cause to stumble, fall (comp. Jer. ix. 3).°° 


Similarly, 5353 is derived in Jos. v. 9 from 653, MEAN AN 5) 
O°y"X'5, I removed (prop., rolled away) the reproach of Egypt (by 
4 

58 Cf. NJ) from 31, and San, Ps, xvi. 5, 6. $4 Cf.°31D, Is. lxv. 11. 

55 Comp. Delitzsch on Ps. xix. 12, xl. 16. 

56 A play on the name 2py” is perhaps intended in the narrative of Jacob’s 
wrestling (Gen. xxxii. 25) by pas”. The verb occurs nowhere else, and may 
have been chosen here to allude on the one hand to the name apy"; on the other, 
to that of the brook p>; Gen. xxxii. 23 f.; see Delitzsch, Comm. ad loc. 


< 
Poe 


40 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


the performance of circumcision at that place); while in Am. v. 5, 
there is a play upon ey, oP 63535, Gilgal will surely go into 
captivity (69). ὃ 

D1 is derived in the same context from F|ON, take away, namely, 
the reproach of barrenness, and from ΕἼΘ", add, expressing the wish 
that another son may be added (158). 


NoTE. — Very suggestive is the opinion of Professor Haupt (expressed in his 
paper mentioned above) that many of the old names occurring in Genesis 
originally meant something like son, offspring, creature, being, and the like, as 
this notion must have been the first to occur to the mind of primitive men at the 
birth of a child. Professor Haupt discovers this meaning in many of the names. 
Thus, for instance, rp (381) from Pp (cognate to 113), stand upright, whence 
MP, reed, and the appellative Mp, spear, 2 Sam. xxi. 16; then, establish, create, 
form, especially forge ; so Syr. WIP, Arab. gain, artisan, especially smith. The 
name 1 would thus mean creature, 2.6. child, while the popular etymology 
derived it from mp, produce, acquire, from which a form like 130, Ps. civ. 24, 
would be expected.—NDW (459) can only mean either, he who sets up (as 
participle), or (as noun) sprout, 2.6. offspring. Popular etymology explained 
it as meaning substitute. —]7 19 (341), the breaker through, 1.6. born. —NVi 
(Gen. xxxviii. 30), the rising one.67 — D’DS8 (338), fruit.68 — So also APY" as a 
noun may mean descendant, posterity; comp. the Arab. ‘agd, ‘wg, posterity; 
prop., what comes after.59 


13. Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old 
Testament. 


Julius Ley, starting from a comparison of Hebrew with Old- 
German, claims for alliteration in Old-Hebrew, or “ pre-Davidic”’ 
poetry,” the importance of a formal principle of poetry which it had 
in German. To establish this theory, he not only includes under 
alliteration, rime, assonance, play upon words, and repetition, but 
extends it to the agreement of two stem-consonants in any position 
and order, as “TI35 and SSN, OIE" and WAN, Wr" "5, OA and 
“Vor, PAS and ΠΝ, which he proposes to read bom.” In 
view of this extension of its scope, he properly proposes to substitute 
the term “Consonanten-Gleichklang”’ for alliteration.” But it is 
easy to see that in this way the whole of the Old Testament, or any 
book, can be made into an uninterrupted series of “ sound-similarity,” 

57 Comp. Heb. vii. 14, ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν 6 κύριος ἡμῶν. 

ve Comp. 103Π 02) ἘΞ ΟχκΥ Πν τοΣ 

59 “491d, the last, was one of the titles Mohammed assumed at Medina; cf. 
Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, L., p. 156. 

69 Comp. especially Die metrischen Formen, p. 167, 211. 

CE, £4.j po 125 £4.131, 60. 62 Οὐ. cit., p. 78. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 41 


and the “variety of metres” which Ley brings out by this “ freer 
alliteration,” as he calls it, would add anything but harmony and 
stateliness to the Hebrew verse, in place of the simple but grand 
arsis and thesis of the parallelism. Of true alliteration, as defined 
above, no passage can be adduced in which it is carried through and 
used in such a manner as to be the bearer and regulator of the 
rhythm. It is true that it sometimes recalls the “ Liedstabe,” or 
“‘Stabreim,” the alliterative parts being distributed over two lines or 
parallel members.* But this occurs only in isolated passages, 

With apparently more justice, Wilhelm Jordan, Der epische Vers 
der Germanen, p. 7 f., claims for Hebrew the oldest rimes, in which, 
as he says, it did not have to be invented, but arose spontaneously 
from the organism of the language. ‘This is true in so far as the 
conformity of the suffix-endings in Hebrew might have suggested 
the rime; and, in fact, rimes based on the endings recur in a few 
short passages, such as Gen. iv. 23 f., v. 29; Jud. xiv. 18; Ps. cvi. 
4-7, etc., with some consistency and regularity. But even this 
flexional rime is not found in any lengthy passage. 

Paronomasia in the Old Testament is, like all other embellishments 
of speech, an element of higher style, that is, of the poetical and 
prophetical diction. In the historical books, except in the poetical 
passages embodied in them and the plays on the etymology of proper 
names, cases in which it occurs are few and far between. It is every- 
where merely a casual, not an organic, element of diction. Hebrew 
poetical style hardly differs from the rhetorical ;® both have in 
common all the peculiarities which distinguish them from the lower 
style. But their purpose and effect may vary with the diction. What 
the poet uses merely as an ornament, the orator may employ as an 
instrument. This applies even to the “ parallelismus membrorum,” 
the fundamental law of elevated style. In the poetical books, the 
requirements of the rhythm often give rise to the unfolding of the 
thought in the parallelism, while in the prophets, the development of 
a thought in all its aspects is the main object of the parallelism. 
Similar is the use of paronomasia. In the poetical books, it may 
contribute to rhythm or euphony, or be used as a mere embellish- 
ment; in the prophets, it serves more serious ends. The prophets 
use it especially in vivid and impassioned passages, in which the 


whirl of similar sound is meant to reflect the inner excitement and 
; \ 
68 See above, ὃ 5. 


64 Comp. Ewald, Die Propheten des Alten Bundes, Τ., p. 54; Renan, Histoire 
des langues sémitiques, p. 131. 


42 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


impress the hearer with the certainty and magnitude of an event or 
threatened calamity, as in PANT 2.2" pov ME) FAME) IMB, fear, 
and a pit, and a snare upon thee, inhabitant of the land (330); O% 
bay) (9 BP SW) ASW DY ΠΡῚΝ Ὶ AMS, a day of distress and 
anguish, a day of desolation and devastation, a day of clouds and 
darkness (Zeph. i. 15); depicting in conjunction with onomatopceie : 
ΠΡΟΣ MMpiaia) ΓΡΡῚ2, empty, void and waste (is the land ; No. 41) ; 
Misi) ADSI) TMs O, a day of trouble, and of tramping down, 
and of perplexity (199; cf. 55, 94, 95, 96). 

Plays upon words are especially frequent in the prophets. As an 
element of the daily speech, with their biting, ironical, or sarcastic 
force, they are best suited to the prophetic sermons, which adhere 
closely to the living speech and aim to reach the mind and con- 
science of the hearer, and to bring home to him directly and vividly 
a truth or a fact. Next to the prophetic speech and the rhetorical 
passages in Job, plays upon words are most frequently found in the 
Proverbs, which are in general much dependent for their force and 
effect upon felicitous and pointed expression, while in the Psalms 
only a few are found, chiefly such as by frequent use have become 
set phrases, as MDW SW (444); NV and AN (390). For the 
play upon words is out of place in lyric poetry, which does not aim 
at striking or convincing others, but lives and moves in its own 
feelings and emotions.® 


14. “Απαξ λεγόμενα, and Unusual Forms of Paronomasia. 


It has been observed elsewhere ® that alliterative and rimed com- 
binations preserve many unusual and obsolete words. We find in 
the Old Testament also examples in which either both parts occur 
only in assonating combinations, or one of them is a dz. Aey.; 50, 
mop... WED, the balancing of the clouds and the wondrous 
things (225); 419 ΓΦ, musing and retiring (413) ; JM “11, the guilty 
man, and the pure (101) ; “27! ANXWr, desolation and destruction 
(432; cf 59, 185, 205, 223, 237, 287, 340, 395, 413, 431, 433)- 

Besides this it has also been noted that the straining after similarity 
of sound often produces anomalous forms.” In the Old Testament, 


6° Comp. Ewald, /.c., p. 56. In modern Hebrew poetry the rime is a regular 
feature, but it was not adopted till the 7th century A.D. See Pt. i, ὃ. 5. 

87 Cf. Pt. i, §11; comp. also in German: Wie die Alten sungen, so zwitschern 
die Jungen ; Gunst ist nicht umsunst. Erst die Pfarre, dann die Quarre. Abraham 
a Sancta Clara: Die Aegernuss ist eine harte Nuss. 


APPENDIX. PARONOMASIA IN POST-BIBLICAL LITERATURE. 43 


the deviations from the regular grammatical usage for the sake of 
conformity of sound are comparatively few and slight: DWE “W3 
MINSOM “DD (instead of NW), he whose transgression is taken away, 
and sin is covered (271); ὩἽ INOW ΠῚ Ἢ (for 713"), the waters 
of Dimon are filled with blood (83; cf. 51, 55, 79, 178, 257, 273, 
437) 479)- 


APPENDIX. 


Paronomasia in Post-Biblical Literature. 


Post-Biblical Hebrew literature was very prolific in paronomasia. 
A few examples from the Talmud may here be given: swows 
W931 WIDS "S35 733 AS Oa", “The character of a man 
reveals itself on three occasions: in his behavior concerning his 
purse, his cup, and in his anger” (Zrudin, 65°; cf. No. 178); ἊΝ 
ἐκ SA) 5 ᾿ς ΔΊ, “Woe is me from my Creator (who punishes 
sin), woe is me from my (sinful) inclination” (Berach., 61°; cf. 
No. 160); 1X S$ "5 MD MN RAMS WINK 3D] 5 ΝΞ ΣΩΞ 
N25, “In the West (1.5. Palestine), when one took a wife people 
used to say of him thus: Did he find ‘a good thing’ (Prov. xviii. 22), 
or something ‘more bitter than death’?” (Eccl. vii. 26 ; Yebamoth, 
63°); SMD Sis [3 5 Adm NAW, (Job said to God) “ Perhaps 
thou hast mistaken zyod (Job) for oyeb” (enemy ; Basa bathra, 16°) ; 
ΝΌΟΝ xin ὈΝῚ ΝΟ NIM, “Prefer to be (innocently) cursed than 
to be cursing” (Sanhedr., 494) ; δ aw ox3 ΣΝ, “Eat onions 
and live in the shadow” (of thy house, 2.6. rather live poorly than make 
debts and be compelled to give up thy house, Pesach., 114%); 123 
smixd xi amie sem ΠΡΞ ΝΟ xd) ΣΝ, «Weep for the 
mourners and not for the departed ; for this has gone to rest, while 
we are left to grief (AZved Qatan, 25°). 

The Talmud is especially rich in efforts to supply with etymologies 
those proper names which the Old Testament left unexplained. So 
ὮΝ yaw ora’, “because he made the people crouch” (ze. 
made it degenerate) ; otherwise, ODI TA“ AWW, “ because he 
caused strife (1.6. division) among the people” ; and M29 ΠΟ 
ΟΣ ΠΝ ἘΝῚ" 13, “because he caused strife between 
Israel and their Father in heaven”; Jeroboam is called O23) [3 
axa x5) ΞΟ, “ because he looked and did not see” (1.4. did not 
recognize his true position and destiny in history, Sawh., 101"); 


44 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


ΠΣ (son of Hezekiah), Dwaw omaxd Sew ms wow, 
“because he caused Israel to be forgotten by their Father in heaven” 
(Sanh., 120%).. Comp. Nimrod and Amraphel, who are identified, 
Erub., 53%, and Yalgut, 47, 72; Sinear, Sadd., 113°; Samson and 
Delilah, So¢ah, τοῦ, 8°; Ahasuerus and Esther, JZegzllah, 11%, 13°, 
and many more. Even appellatives are transformed into proper 
names and then interpreted, as for example, “J12% (Joel ii. 20) : 
ons Sw yada ip) PERw ya A? ΠῚ, « It is the evil inclination 
(personified) which is hidden and remaining in the heart of man” 
(Succah, 52°).® 

The Jewish poets of the middle ages formed paronomasia with 
great skill, but did not preserve the moderation of the Old Testa- 
ment writers. The following are a few examples from Judah Harizi’s 
Magama (ed. Lagarde, 1883): O° AND OM nen Asn 
ἩΠ2 ΝΟ poy sown ἸΘῸΣΞ ἹΠΠ 2 ere win, “ Wisdom 
gives power to the wise; she leads him in the path of life and 
affords him rest from his toil; when he lies down she watches over 
him and does not leave him alone” (p. 2, section 2, verse 1 ; comp. 
No. 252); iD 55 1D" Ow’, “and there (in heaven) is the founda- 
tion (principle) of every mystery” (2, 2, 10) ; mip} mp> FS, 
“and she (the soul) soars to her nest, and to her Creator” (p. 3, 
‘v. 36); “BIT “EVA 29, “and the beauty is turned to disgrace” (17, 
4,28); M5am ὩΞΡΞῚ m>ban ows, «on their tongue is prayer, 
‘in their heart perverseness” (17, 4, 34); WPT Wp nw 5h, 
‘and the language of Qedar (Arabia) darkened him” (p. 5, v. 29). 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTA- 
MENT ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 


x 
τ. Job xxix. 16: Drax> DIN oN 
2. 15. xxiv. 4: 9am mooi mbox post 2a) moos 
ἢ. ES RN TG FAIS IS Ἰ2Ν2 JD AS WS ADT 
4. Dt. xxviii. 24: “ΒΝ Pas FLAS AWW OS TNT TM 
68 Comp. Ignaz Goldziher in ZDMG, XXIV.,, p. 207 ff. 


1 The translations of the ancient versions quoted are, if not otherwise indicated, 
the Greek of the Septuagint, the Latin of the Vulgate, the Syriac of the Peshito. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 45 
5. Gen. xvii. 5:2 SPAN) OM iT 35 9 ὩΤῚΣΝ POW ΠῚ 
6. ὩΣ wos 19 Oy... ΠῚΠ one ONT yo yds 
Gen. xxv. 10." 
7 qwisdd psy yews... NES OID py ON! ΝΞ TTD 
Is, Ixiti. 1, 3:4 ΤΣ FT TS 
8. Genii. 7:5 MTT JD ABD ON ΓΝ ODS TT ἜΣ 
9. AX MSP ὩΦ 3 RAT ΤΙΣ NIA DAN ow AX Spy 
Num. xi. 34: Dasa OS 
10. Prov. xxiii. 29: ΩΝ m5 ἽΝ 9 


τίνι οὐαί; τίνι OdpvBos;— Gr. Ven. τίνι at τίνι ped; — Vulg. cui 
vae? cuius patri vae? 


rr, Ez. xxx. 17:° EY Sama MOI") pS “NS 
νεανίσκοι Ἡλιοπόλεως καὶ Βουβάστου ἐν μαχαίρᾳ πεσοῦνται. 

12. Num. xxiii. 21: Sewn Sep ΓΚ ΝΟῚ spa ps we xo 
Cf. Hab. i. 3; Ps. lv. rr: 718) Spy, Is. lix. 4; Ps. x, 8, xc. 10; 


Job xv. 35. 
τΆ;. Proy. vi. 23: ἽΝ AM ML “7° 
Vulg. et lex lux. 
14. Is. xxxi. 9: powers Ὁ sm ΤΣ Ὁ. os ΟΝ 


ὃς ἔχει ἐν Σιὼν σπέρμα καὶ οἰκείους ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ. 


2 Instead of ‘38, because referring to the name Abraham, in which, as in other 
names of the type, 28 is the combining form (Del.),— 19", instead of the 
more usual 971) (Gen, xxviii. 3, xxxv. 11}, to symphonize with the name. 

8 In ver. 25, ‘JN (reddish, the color of Esau’s hair or skin) contains another 
allusion to the name Edom. 

4 Lagarde, Proph. Chald., p. L., proposed to read DIN, past partic., for DITN, 
and N30 for ΠΥ 3 : Who is he that cometh dyed red, redder in his garments 
than a vine-dresser ? 

> Hos. iv. 18: 113413 yop ΔΙῚ 1398, His rulers love shame, considered by 
Ewald, § 120, and Orelli as intended for a pun, is very likely due to a dittography 
of the last part of the first word. So LXX. 

6 })€, “idolatry, wickedness,” spitefully altered from ji (On) Gen. xli. 45 
= Heliopolis (Jer. xliii. 13, WOW N°), the seat of the worship of the sun-god 
Ra. — Am. i. 5, [δ Nyp3, means the Syrian Heliopolis, the modern Baalbek; 
cf. No. 69°. — Hos. iv. 15, v. 8, x. 5, similarly changes Ox 3 to ps ma, 


46 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


15. Ex. xxviii. 30: , DA ONT 
Cf. Lev. viii. 8; Ezra ii. 63; Neh. vii. 65: ON) ODN, 
Dt. xxxiii. 8: ‘NM, shortened for ‘AA "ΝΠ, Num. xxvii. 21, 

1 Sam. xxviii. 6.7 


16. Ezra viii. 31: Dai sis Aap woe 

ΤῊ; Ez..xl. 24,29, 33; 362° pts) ron) 
αἰλεῦ καὶ αἰλαμμών. 

18. Jud. xii. 12: ross saan sian pox nen 

19. Prov. v. 19: im nop ΘΗΝ now 

20. Is. ΧΙ; 12: DENS) ΤἈΝ 

a1. Ex. xxiii. 27: opm Ὁ ms cnn pp mdwx coos 


Vulg. occidam; Pesh. 2 ΠΝ = "Fos. 


22. 2Kiivro,12: OYUN [Ὁ Ws THD ΟΝ UN ON 
Cf. Prov. vi. 27. 


23. ΜΙ. 1. 14:9 BIN) SDN ND 
24. Ors) ier oxi sOskm pane sip onpaw isn ox 
15. i. 19, 20: NN San 
a5. Jud. xiv. 14: pinks xxv iat So xx Soin 
26. Is. xxiv. 6: 78 Ἄνες πρὶ 
a7. Ez. xvii. 13:” mod post Sys mei Tox ἸῺΝ ΝΞῸ 
28. Is. vi. 13: ToD) mOND 


7 As regards the etymology of O°DN) OM NN, Wellhausen, Prolegomena,? 
Ῥ. 419 ἢ. connects O°I8 with V8, curse. The same view is held by Professor 
Haupt, who compares Assyr. ardru, ‘curse, conjure, bind’ (by a spell); the 
form is, he thinks, perhaps to be explained as the result of the resolution of the 
doubling, for Ὁ , Wellhausen, /.c., also notes that Freytag (Zewx., I., p. 199), 
and independently of him, Lagarde (Proph. chald., p. xvii.) compared ὉΠ with 
Arab. tama ’im, plur. of zamimat, a kind of amulet to repel the evil eye. (See 
Lane, Zex., s.v.) [Wellhausen has himself given up this combination; see Reste 
arabischen Heidenthumes, 167.) We may, perhaps, compare Assyr. famt, a 
prolonged by-form of amd, ‘speak, swear, conjure, enchant’; ma’mitu, ‘oath’; 
amatu, ‘word, command’; words which are, perhaps, derived from the same 
root as Heb. DN}, oracle. 

8 Cf. Assyr. é/am%, ‘front.’ 

9 DION, elative form; cf. WON.— Achzib in Judah, Jos. xv. 44. 

10 myx, princes; prop., mighty ones; Assyr. d/u = aialu. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 47 


aU Patn. 6 ody ps7 “rio 59° 
30. Hab. ii. 18: pbs ody mud 


yn os2 OS IY), And jackals howl in her (Babylon’s) castles, Is. xiii. 22, 
on which Del. remarks [after older scholars; eg. Mik/ol Yophi, D. Kocher, a/.]: 
‘the prophet, with a sarcastic touch, calls the royal NID, ‘DON (widows) on 
account of their decayed and desolate condition,’ rather a strange witticism. 
Fried. Delitzsch (in Baer’s ed. of Ezekiel, p. xi), citing Assyr. a/mattu (= αἷς 
mantu), ‘widow’ and ‘house,’ ascribes the same two-fold sense to Heb. mde, 
But in Ezek. xix. 7, to which Fried. Delitzsch refers, ΓΝ YT), if the text be 
correct (see Cornill, ad /oc.), can only mean, he knew (carnally) his widows. In 
our passage, ‘DON is very probably a clerical error for ‘78. 


31. Is. vii. 9: pax x5 5. wan x ox 
LXX, καὶ εἂν μὴ πιστεύσητε, οὐδὲ μὴ συνῆτε; Pesh. NODS 
fOOMDN = iDM. In 2 Chron. xx. 20, OX 3 IER 
NMI, they render ἐπιστευθήσεσθε, pom. For the 
thought, comp. also Hab. ii. 4. 


aa. Ps. γα £1! Oy “VON MT ὦ 
The ancient versions: "V3, παρεπίκραναν (exacerbaverunt, 


2) τὰ λόγια τοῦ θεοῦ. 
33. Prov. xii. 21: oye wd open ms 52 peed mag rd 


34. BM) ondiy mw5 oes ove ody ἸΒΘΝῚ DENT NS 
kethib). Hos. x. 10." 

When it is my desire, I shall chastise them, and peoples will be 
gathered against them, when I shall bind them to their two 
furrows (Targ., Ki., a/.); cf. Is. xxiv. 22. The old versions 
represent By ; LXX, . . . παιδεῦσαι adrovs* καὶ συναχθή- 
σονταὶ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς λαοί, ἐν τῶ παιδεύεσθαι αὐτοὺς ἐν ταῖς δυσὶν 
ἀδικίαις αὐτῶν; Vulg. corripientur propter duas iniquitates 


suas; Pesh. ΠῚ ΠΩ Ὁ». 


35. “ST ON TSM ΤῊ NI ae ὈΚῚΝ ow ΓΝ oT ΝῚΠ 
2 Sam. xxiii. 20: (qere (37) “NIA TNS 


Cf. 1 Chron. xi. 22.¥ 


” gil oro, connected with bx, ne; so also in Assyr. wl/u, ulé/u=naught, and μὰ, 

12 [XX and Pesh. take [Ἰδὲ in an ethical sense: οὐκ ἀρέσει (Pesh. VOW = M$) 
or MSI) τῷ δικαίῳ οὐδὲν ἄδικον. 

18 DION, Qal, instead of the usual Pi., to accord with DDN3. — For the assimi- 
lation of ° in 10", cf. Ewald, § 139%; Ges., ὃ 71. 

14 ἈΝ DAN (LXX) 733 °3¥ D8 (Driver); for ἃ conj. emendation of the 
latter part of the verse, see Klostermann, αἱ δ» ΤᾺ Τὰ, xxix; 2, 2; ONIN is 


48 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


36. Jobiii. 8:¥ ap) a = “ΠΝ ms 
7. Gen. ii. 25: τ Πρ wee 9 ΠῺῸΝ xp msi 
3 [32% | 


Sym. αὕτη κληθήσεται ἀνδρίς, ὅτι ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς ἐλήφθη ; Vulg. haec 
vocabitur virago, quoniam de viro sumpta est. 


38. “WS Taw AX NPM MD ΣΝ Ὁ “WRI mx “VAN 
Gen. xxx. 13. 


5 
39. past 5 mew mim 555 ow 5 Sas maw xp p> by 


Gen. xi. 9." 


40. Ps. iv. 9: sawin mono ΞΡ ΠῚ ans 
CE “Tia. Fa, Dt. -xxxiii. 28. 

41. Nah. ii. 11; cf. Is. xxiv. 1: Mppae) Apne) ΠΡῚΞ 

42. Prove Vi ΤΕ: ΠΝ PWN oon T1122 oy ΠΩ 


πῖνε ὕδατα ἀπὸ σῶν ἀγγείων. 


43. Pay? Sa cnn xeon Sa unos ΠΡ map 39 mons 


Ps. xvi: 3" 


44. Jer. xlviii. rs: mand wey rans iss 

460 2: Ri: Ville 322° ἢ an ὦ ens 
τοὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς... .. 

46. Is. xii. 2: ἽΠΕΝΣ ΝΟῚ moss 

47. Jud. ἢ. 4, 5: ὩΞΞ NIN DST ow Ap DS" 

48. Gen. xxvii. 36: ὙΦ ΠΡῸ ΠῺΣ mam mpd cna nx 


49. 76:4: "BES tySS meomxum Soon Ὁ Sy cre 


rendered by the comm. in both verses, “lion of God” (Ges., Ew., Dillm., Cheyne) ; 
or “hearth of God” (Targ., Knob., Del.; cf. Ez. xliii. 15, 26); Hitz. alone assumes 
a play on the two senses of the word. 

15 Hitz. and Del. compare the R&hu of the Indian myths, the dragon which 
strove to devour the sun and the moon; Hoffmann refers to the crocodile, the 
son of Seth, seated as star-demon at the north pole, as midnight robber of the 
light of Horus. 

16 See above, § 12, p. 37 f. 

1 ΤΠ, Lagarde, Anmerkung zur gr. Uebers. der Proverb. 

18 Notice the three alliterating couples in this verse after the scheme aéadaa. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 49 


50. Dt. viii. 4: moss xo soi pose ands xb Ἴσον 
(Cf. Neh. ix. 21.) LXX [B], τὰ ἱμάτιά σου οὐκ ἐπαλαιώθη ἀπό 


Si ee ’ , > ld > , ε LAN 3 
σου, τὰ ὑποδήματά σου οὐ κατατρίβη ἀπό σου, οἱ πόδες σου οὐκ 


érvA dO naar.” 
st. Ps. lv. το: ΣΟ sda ome vd 
52. TYP WR BD AVS “DATED SI Opn pw sep 
Num. xi. 3. 
53. Ex. xxii. 4: SMX Tw Aya) yyy. mx mde 


54. PISS Ww aT: “DIN nom “ἜΣ ALS “BY Sy nv) 
Job xxii. 24, 25.7 
And lay gold ore in the dust, and under stones (gravel) of the 
brooks gold of Ophir ; so will Shaddai be your gold ore. 


55. Is. xxiv. 2: ἢ Nan Nam pass pian pir 
56. Jer. xix. 1,7: MT MSP MR Nps... % ΞΡ Mp son 
57. Am. vii. 14: ΩΡ pdini cox “pia 
58. Eccl. xii. 1: THAN. 5 WS AX ASN 


19 The addition in LXX [B] is found in Dt. xxix. 4. 

20 Instead of ya, Graetz proposed 553 (Gen. xi. 7, 9); but cf. Is. xix. 3, 
poas IS}, I will swallow up its sagacity. [See Barth, Beztrage zur Erklérung 
des Fesaia, p. 4 f.] — aa (Gen. x. 25), with Patah, the better to agree with pa; 
οὐ Ges., § 52; 2. τοῖα. 2. 

21 The old versions vowelled and understood these difficult verses differently. 
Pesh. alone recognize in 7¥4, vs. 24, a metal (silver); LXX, Vulg., think of 
WS; Targ. renders as equivalent to 1¥31) (as also 7 ἼΧ2 in vs. 25%). For W¥2), 
in vs. 24, LXX, Pesh., Targ. (followed by Merx), read W¥51. PISA, in vs. 25%, 
is rendered by LXX, βοηθὸς ἀπὸ ἐχθρῶν; by Pesh. } WPI; probably not a different 
reading, but epexegesis of 7 ἼΧ2; cf. Vulg. contra hostes tuos. Hoffm. (in his transl. 
of Job, and Zeitschr. f. Assyriologie, II., 48), reads vs. 24, DOMNI WI Wy Wy AN 
ΒΝ WX), “If thou puttest into the dust shaft-gold and gold of Ophir... .” 

22 The Impff. Niph. are formed here after the analogy of the verbs )"}’, that 
they may rime with the Inff. absol. 

28 Cf. Lagarde, Mittheilungen, I., 596, 68. 

,  Graetz, Haupt, and Cheyne regard }81)J as a later alteration of an original 
JAS or ΤΊ Ν3, so that the passage originally meant, “ Remember thy cistern, or 
thy well,” 2.6. thy wife, after Prov. v.15. It would thus be parallel to Eccl. ix. 9 
DANS WR nw op ὉΠ M87: “ Enjoy life with a wife whom you love.” Haupt 
also thinks that 137) contains an allusion to 172i. The words 183 and “3, in 
their transferred meaning, are playfully associated with our text in the Midrash, 
on this verse, and in Levit. Radbd., sec. 18 (on Lev. xv. 2; cf. also Talm. Jer., 
Sota ii., 1, fol. 184), where, in speaking of Aquabia ben Mahalalel’s counsel in 


50 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


59. Is. xxxii. 19 Ἐν ἼΗΙ Spawn ΠΟΘ) “ΝΥ ATS MS) 
And it hails when the forest cometh down, and the city shall 
sink in abasement. : 


6o. AX NAP yD ὃν ΠῚ MN 15a ow 5 ADT pay ΠΡ) 


2 Chr. xx. 26: ΠΣ ΓῺΣ NINA open ow 
61. Ps. cxxxii. 18; cf. Job viii. 22: nws wendy PN 
P| 
62. 15. Χ 627 ἼΝῚ WIN IND NI ὩΝῚ ΠΝ ὭΣΘ 


63. (ere pwd) oy nom... wwe md aps ΓΞ 


Ps, cxniii4.7 


Pirge Aboth, iii. 1: “ Keep three things before thine eyes, and thou wilt not fall 
into sin: Know whence thou comest, and whither thou goest, and before whom 
thou wilt have to give account and judgment (ANN PX) DIT ΤΙ 723 Sanon 
Pa AQ Tay Ans Ὁ 20) PIT Ans 17) ANA PRD YT: May TI ΜΔ 
‘3) PAWMN)), it is said that this was suggested to him by the single word ]¥3 
in Eccl. xii. 1: Whence thou comest, that is 7 3, thy fountain; whither thou 
goest, 73, thy grave; and before whom thou wilt stand in judgment, }813, thy 
creator. 

The main reason assigned for the change of the massoretic reading is that the 
motive given at the close of the verse, “ere the days of evil come,” etc., does not 
perfectly suit the exhortation 137. The fact that life in old age becomes a burden 
would rather suggest to enjoy it while one’s powers are fresh (cf. Cheyne, Hod and 
Solomon, p. 225). But, as Cheyne admits, an exhortation to cultivate family life 
would bring the book to a rather “lame and impotent conclusion.” Besides, the 
author of Eccl. does not use veiled and ambiguous language (except in similes), 
but calls things by their right name, as in the passage quoted above, ix. 9; 
cf. also ch. 11. Is not xii. 15, perhaps to be attributed to the same hand as the 
end of xi. 9 (“and know that for all this God will bring thee into judgment”’) ? 

25 The old versions read the noun 113) instead of the verb which occurs 
nowhere else in Hebrew. Bredenk. reads 11°). But there is no sufficient reason 
for removing the am. Ney. It is here employed for the sake of D113, as the 
whole chapter (like chapp. xxiv.-xxvii.) is marked by a straining after parono- 
masia and pointedness of speech (cf. vs. 5 ff., 12). In this verse there is a three- 
fold assonance after the scheme aaadba. See also Stade in ZATW, IV., 267. 

26 The name has survived in Wady Bereikat, west of Thekoa. 

27 Cf. Jer. xlviii. 29; Prov. viii. 13; Job xl. Τὸ; 

28 The Kethib 1} 8 is a nominal formation from 8), with the ending 1, as in 
hy, Eccl. ii, 22, etc., while the qgere, 0°31 Δ. would mean: the proud 
oppressors ; cf. INI VY, “1 AW, Zeph. iii. 1; Jer. xlvi. 16, 1. 16. Most 
modern commentators consider the qere an intentional alteration made in the 
time of Antiochus Epiphanes, to allude to the oppressing 2}; cf. LXX, 
Jer. Δ. cc. Saadya Gaon explains the word by 729, legio. 


~~ 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 51 


Ez. xxxv. 8: THN 7Thi933 ... AS? 


. Gen. xxx. 11: ἢ ἸῸΝ PN APM (qere TW) NB) TWD ANS SNM 


And Leah said: In (or with) good luck (qere, good luck hath 
come) ; and she called his name Gad. 


. Gen. xlix. 19: ΞΡ Ta? NWT) Ἴ2 7120 TT "ἢ 


Gad —a troop shall press upon him, yet he shall press upon 
(their) * heel. 


66. Ps. cx. 6: nia sop ous pp 
67. Ez. xxxix, 11 (cf. 15): 2} Va NINA 
LXX, vs. 15: τὸ Tai τὸ πολυάνδριον τοῦ Γώγ. 
68. Mi. 1.6: mins Ὁ Ma 
695. SIT OAM ow spy oop ove ΠΕ ms Τὴ) orn 
ΤΠ 5. 8.63" by) 
69". Am. v. 5 : my opm Og mean top ridy Srbsn 
yo. Gen. xxxi. 48: Td) waw ΝΡ 19 Sy... ty ΠῚΠ San p35 cee 
γι. Eminsv osama; ow Sybian ὙΠ gw ἽΝ py pd) ox 
Hos. xii. 12: 3 Ἣν ‘on bY modi 
72. Is. x. 30: p>) ΓΞ ip “ony 
73. Cant. iv. r2: Sa 5) ΡΞ ΠΝ 215) 1 
κῆπος κεκλεισμένος ἀδελφή μου νύμφη, κῆπος ὅ κεκλεισμένος. 
74. Ps. xviii. 8: ΓΝ wy wy 
Cf. 2 Sam. xxu. 8. 
75. Ἐχ. ἢ, 22:3: SPD) POS ΤΠ aE ΣΙΝ 2 wD aw me IN 


Cf. Ex. xviii. 3. 


29 Most of the commentators join the 2 of the following word (WWN') to apy 
(D3pPy), with a gain to both. See above, ὃ 12, p. 39. 

80 See Stade’s interesting article, “Der ‘ Hiigel der Vorhiute,’ Jos. 5,” 
ZATW, V1, p. 132-143. 

31 G. Hoffmann, ΖΑ 7 W, III., 104, would change [Ἰδὲ into [δὲ for the sake of 
alliteration with ox; but this is not necessary, as all vowels alliterate with one 
another (Vilmar, Cramer, ΤΙ, 21 f.); cf. No. 11, and above, § 11, p. 33 f. 

82 For Oo WW, LXX gives ony; see G. Hoffmann, ZA 7 VW, IIL. 104. 

88 Followed by Graetz. 

84 Cf. above, § 12, p. 37. 


52 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


76. Mii. το: man Ox mis 
Cf. 2 Sam. i. 20.—év Γὲθ μὴ μεγαλύνεσθε (ΟΣ; in 
Samuel, μὴ ἀναγγείλητε). Ν 


- 

a7. -Jud.'v. 12): "wy “SO 7 “NS “id m3 ea ἢ δὰ 

78. -Eccl.. xii. 11: must Don “37 

79. Ez.y.17:* Jo 337 ST AST 
Cf. Ez. xxviii. 23, xxxvili. 22. 

80. vam 7 


Gen. xxvii. 28, 37; Dt. vii. 13, xi. 14, xii. 17, XIv. 23, xviii. 4, 
ΧΗ 51, SEK. 285 2 Ki, xvill. 32 5 15: xxxvi. 173 Jer. xxxi. 
12. G08 Ale 4), ὙΠ ΤΑ... 7061:.1: 10. He 10 Se νι, 8, 


aT) win, Num. xviii. 12 (τ6) Ὁ 


81. Ps. xxiv. 6: yw ATT 

82. Is. xli. 15: Pam oan win 
Cf. Dan. vii. 23. 

83. Is. xv. 9: ps xds fet 

84. Jer. xlviii. 2:* “IN j2 > Dl 

85. Gen. xv. 2: 3 ἼΣΟΝ ΡΦΘῚ RTD pw 15} 


And the inheritor of my house is Damascus Eliezer. 


85 Cornill strikes out 0), because it is not a proper subject for the verb and 
destroys the parallelism of the passage. 

85 An alliterative formula ; 1) 12, only Lam. ii. 12. 

87 Dimon for Dibon, for the sake of a play upon the word 07; cf., for the 
interchange of 3 and 9, Haupt, Beztrdge zur assyr. Lautlehre, p. 88, n. 2, and 
Zettschr. fiir Assyriologie, 11., 268, 3, and n. 2. 

88 The old versions take ‘) as inf. abs, of D7: παῦσιν παύσεται, silens conti- 
cesces; Pesh. ppawn paw. : 

89 For the ancient interpretations of this verse, see the versions, Jerome, 
Hebraicae quaestiones, ad loc., and Field, Hexapla. — With Aquila’s rendering, 
vids τοῦ ποτίζοντος οἰκίαν [ Lagarde, οἴκου] μου, in which pw is connected with 
Mp’, we may compare the explanation of pwd in Yoma, 28°: Pwnt Nn 
Ὁ ΤΙΝ 139 ὋΦ ἸΠ ΠΩ mpwn MAW UPON TWO WNW.“ He is Damas- 
cus Eliezer, Rabbi Eleazar says (he is so named), because he was drawing from 
the learning of his master (Abraham), and distributing it (giving to drink) to 
others.”— The modern explanations, whether they take Eliezer as appositive 
(Del.), or genitive (Ew., Dillm.), are forced, and not justified by Hebrew usage. 
Tuch, Olsh., Hitz., reject pwr asa gloss; but the unusual pwn, which seems 
to have been employed for the sake of the paronomasia with puns, to some 
extent protects the latter. 


ὲ 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 53 


865. Gen. χχχ 6: PTW Me 7259... Box Ὁ) Sg seam 


86°. Gen. xlix. 16: WS PRT 
87, D> ΝΡ cum... raed we sep ΡΟ ox onsaw xd 
Jer. xxx 27: sann Ss "ox a 
88. Esth. x. 3: Iwao ow sat isd aw wt. oT 
So. Esth. i. 13: Pam 
90. Ez. ii. 10: wT ap orp pos an 
οι. st Tin 


PS. xxi. 6.) xiv. 4 RCV, -Civ.. 1, ex. 35 Job si, τὸν 
τ Schr. avi, 24, 


99; Isha: NOAA 
93. Is. lvi. το: ppd 3 ΠΝ maw ON... TBS 


LXX, ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι, Aq. φανταζόμενοι, Sym. δραματισταί, Vulg. 
videntes vana. 


94. Ps. xlvi. 4: To" MAM wa 
gs. Is. xvii, 12: PIT ow ΓΊΘΙ͂Ξ Os wy ΠΣ ἽΠ 
96. Ez. vii. τι: O93 9 85) Ome xd) Ooine xd) oT xd 


Nothing of them, nor of their multitude, nor of their riches, nor 
a waiting of them (sc. (1, shall be).— καὶ οὐ μετὰ θορύβου, 
οὐδὲ μετὰ σπουδῆς. 


40 ὙΠ is considered to be a shortened form of “1712 (cf. Stade, § 125%), which 
Cornill would restore here; better (Ew., ὃ 101°) a by-form of “δὲ, Eccl. iv. 10, 
x. 16; cf. WS and ‘7. It is perhaps chosen here to alliterate with 737, which 
occurs in the meaning, ‘sigh, wail’; ¢.g. Is. xvi. 7; Jer. xlviii. 31. 

41 “Instead of being O°IN, ‘seers,’ they are DIN, 2.6. ‘ delirious talkers, ravers,’ 
from ‘111 (= Arab. hada), ‘to rave in sickness’ ” (Del.). 

42 « The description of the billows of peoples is as picturesque as the well-known 
description: ///i inter sese, etc., of the Cyclopes in Vergil” (Del.). 

48 DIN, only here, is probably synon. with ])2, and may, as Keil suggests, 
refer to the multitude of people, while [177 is used of the abundance of riches 
(cf. Is. Ix. 5; Ps. xxxvii. 16). For the rest, see Cornill, who emends 1179) DFT 119 
DINIF, “ What are they and what is their splendor ?” 


54 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


97. Eccl. iii, 18: # p> ΠΏΣ ots ow med) 
It is (the apparent disorder in the world) that they (mankind) 


may see that they are beasts with regard to themselves. — rod 
δεῖξαι (= mx = m9) ὅτι αὐτοὶ κτήνή εἰσιν. 


98. Dt. ii. 15: Den 49 Amen spa apr 
99. Is. lix. 13:8 spw miss abe un is 
roo. τ Kivxix.ro: 35 WT PRD] ΓΚῚ OT Pa MN 


On DIT VY (var. DW, DWT; Aq. Theod. “Apes, LXX, πόλις ἀσεδέκ 
= ΡΠ), see Geiger, Urschrift, u.s.w., p. 79, and the comm. (Del., Cheyne, 
Dillm., Duhm.). 


4 
ror. Prov. xxi. 8: Hp] AWW! Ἴἢ AN ws TPT PSDs 


Very perverse is the way of the guilty man, but the pure — his 


work is straight. — LXX, πρὸς τοὺς σκολιοὺς σκολιὰς ὁδοὺς 


ἀποστέλλει ὃ θεὸς, ἁγνὰ yap καὶ ὀρθὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ." 


νι" Ἰ 
102. Is.xxxiv.6: ΠΝ pass Sy ΠΙΞΙΟῚ ΠῚΣ25 ΠῚ ΠΞ] 


103. WN ISSP BYaT sw ἼΞΙ ἊΝ ods wT) ΠΝ cam 
Gen. xxx. 20: os] WwW MX NAPM.. . 


And Leah said: God presented me with a good present ; this 
time my husband will extol” me. . . . And she called his 
name Zebulon. 


44 ond Mm, emphatic; they with regard to themselves, as they really are in 
themselves, zpsissimi , cf. Ew., 8 315%. “iN, nimmt wie ein Echo das 1)N3 
auf und vollzieht die ausgesprochene Gleichung auch im Wortklang”’ (Del.). 

45 The only cases of Inf. Poel. Duhm, Das Buch Fesaia, thinks that the punc- 
tators took these forms for Inff. Hiph. of VY and 111°, and would therefore read 
147 as Inf. absol. Qal; cf. Prov. xxv. 4 f.; Is. xxvii. 8. 17071 is regarded by him 
as a clerical error for 1477. 46 LXX takes i) as predicate to 111. 

47 This meaning of oa (which, as verb, occurs only here) is suggested by the 
Assyr., where zadé/u means ‘carry, lift up,’ syn. with asd, NWI; cf. Stanislas 
Guyard, in Yourn. Asiatigue, 1878, aoltt-sept., p. 220 ff.; Schrader, KAT?, 
p. 185 ἢ; Fried. Delitzsch, Hebr. and Assyr., Ὁ. 38 f., and Prolegomena, p. 62; 
Cheyne, Isaiah’, II., p. 172 f. The common rendering, ‘ dwell,’ has no philo- 
logical foundation whatever, and in this passage compels us to supply a prepos., 
“he will dwell with me” (Vulg. mecum erit#).— Notice the explanation of the 
name by two verbs 137 and 53} (both am. Aey.). Are two different explanations 
combined as in the case of the name Joseph, vs. 23, 24 ? 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 55 


104. Job xxviii. 17: resiay DAY ADA ND 

105. Dt. xxi. 20: N3D) Obi 

(Cf. Prov. xxill.. 20, 21, 5 9; ee N3D).— LXX, συμβολοκοπῶν 
οἰνοφλυγεῖ. ὃ 

106. Ex. xxxiv. 15: omtox5 onan ots ams Ὁ} 

τοῦ. Jer. li. 2: man on Sas5 ΠΟ) 

LXX, καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ὑβριστὰς καὶ καθυβρίσουσιν 
αὐτήν Ξε FTI) OMT. 

108. Hos. ii. 24, 25:9 pass Ὁ mos: Oy me ὍΣ" ὩΠῚ 

Π 

109. Ezek. xxx. 21: spin wart? 

tro. Ἢ 5D BX AMT NT CD AI ἸΌΝ ow ONT NN 
Gen. iii. 20. 

1311. Jer. xxiii, το: Sr owe wx Sy Soimay “ΣΟῚ 

422... 16. xhvi- Tr: WW We IT 55 Th v5 TT 

113. Job xxxi. 4o: min sx man FAN 

114. ΝΠ maw i> ὉΠ kon ning OMS Aaa > 
Hos. viii. 11. 

Because Ephraim hath made a multitude of altars to szm, the 
altars became to him a punishment. — ore ἐπλήθυνεν ’Edpaip 
θυσιαστήρια, εἰς ἁμαρτίαν ἐγένοντο αὐτῷ θυσιαστήρια τὰ ἤγαπη- 
μένα. 

115. Prov. x. τό: ΓΝ yw meisn ovo psy ΓΡῚΣΘ 
116. Prov. iii. 22: sna pm wed an ὙΠῸ 


7, 8 Cf. Matth. xi. 19; Luc. vii. 34: φάγος καὶ οἰνοπότης. 
449 yi here, instead of the more usual YJ (eg. Is. v. 7, lxi. 3; Jer. ii. 21), 
perhaps for the sake of the paronomasia with Oxpa, 
5° That the words for ‘sin’ in Hebr., and in the Semitic languages generally, 
may also signify the consequence of sin, punishment, or the condition into which 
one is brought by sin, needs no proof; see, 6.9., Gen. xxxix. 9; Prov. xx. 2; 
cf. H. Schultz, Alttestamentliche Theologie+, p. 684. For Assyr., see Haupt in 
Hebraica, 1., 219. 


56 


117. 


118. 


110. 


120. 


121. 
£22. 
122: 


124. 


125. 
126. 
127. 


128. 


129. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


ms mown Ox ΤῊΣ ome ain wer mind nn bx 
Ps, Ιχχῖν. 16. 

Deliver not unto the beast the soul of thy turtle-dove, forget 
not thy poor animals for ever (Del.).” 


Job x. 12: “ToD WY SOM ὉΠ 
Cf. ‘Psy inti, cxix..15¢: 
Is. xxx. 18: poem am 75) pon sep sam 13} 


And therefore will Jahveh wait to be gracious to you, and there- 
fore will he arise to have mercy upon you (Del.). 


Lam. ii. 8: maim ὉΠ ΞΝ 
Cf. Is; xxvi. ἢ: 


Ez. χχίν. τ2: ΠΌΝΟ mss mae een xd) oxo oun 


Ps, xvii. 14: pens opon toms ome 
Prov. xiii. 12: ASD TINH OM py 35 ΠΟΤ Ase ΤΡῚΣ 
15. xxii. 2: mance tne xy sam bon xd oon 


san ‘55nr, Jer. xiv. 18; Ez. xxi. 19, xxxi. 18, xxxii. 20, 21, 25, 
26, 28-32, xxxv. 8; Zeph. ii. 12 (15). 


Job xxxvi. 15: Das yoo 55} TIS Ἂν yon 
15. lvii. 6 :® | Jen Sm pons 
Dt. xxii. 9 : inom Sam spy wy mp pon o> 


Dt. xxxii.14: OD 25m oy xx So ps mye... 

For other combinations of ΠΊΝΩ and 35M cf. Gen. xviii. 8; 
Jud. vy. 25.3 Is. vil. 22. 

ws Fox cmos cians nds onsin ΔΓ ΘΠ nds 
Jud. xv. 16. 


With the jawbone of an ass heaps upon heaps, with the jawbone 
of an ass I have smitten a thousand men. — ἐν σιαγόνι ὄνου 


51 For conjectural emendations of the text, see Cheyne, Psa/ms, 396; QPB., 
loc. — For 1), LXX, Pesh., read a form of 11. 

52 Ew., Dillm., Bredenk., and Cheyne adopt the reading of two MSS.: DY, 
“He will wait in stillness,” which better suits the parallelism with ΓΖ), 

58 The “smooth stones” (cf. λίθοι λιπαροί, lapides uncti, lubricati) refer, it 
seems, to stone-fetishes, or stone-worship; cf. Wellhausen, este arabischen 
Heidenthums, Ὁ. 99 f. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 57 


ἐξαλείφων ἐξήλειψα αὐτούς," ὅτι ἐν τῇ σιαγόνι τοῦ ὄνου 
3 ,ὔ ‘4 ΝΜ 
ἐπάταξα χιλίους ἄνδρας. 


130. Gen. xi. 3: syind ond ΠῚ seamen 

131. Esth. ii. 17: TED TOM 1Π ΚΙ] 

132. Ps. lvii. 5: ma san ows) osm nun ow 
Cf. : Sam. xiii..19, 22; Is. xlix. 2; Prov. v. 4. 

133. Mi. iv. τα: ὍΝ PLS MN) Ann 

244, Prov. xiv. 24: ΓΝΩΠ Ay) SOM 


LXX, ἐλασσονοῦσι (= DOM) δὲ φυλὰς ἁμαρτίαι. 
135. Job χχχίχ. 13: ARN ΓΤῸΠ ΓΊΞΙΣ ox ΠΡῸΣ) ow mys 
“The wing of the ostrich vibrateth joyously ;—is she pious, 
wing and feathers?” (Del.). 


136. 2 Sam. xv. 30: Am sou sm sar wien 
137. Nu. xxiv. δ Ὁ Pio? SRT 
138. Prov. viii. 27; cf. Job xxvi. 10: minn 3p Sy an prs 
139. Mi. vii. 11:7 PA Pm sr ot 
On that day the borders (Keil and Orelli, the law) will be far 
removed. 
rgo. OY] poe mdaS .. 2 35 em oda pon mbps 
Jud. v. 15, 16: a5 pn 
141. Gen. xlviii. 22: ὙΨΦΡΘῚ “aN. . .nmp> swe 


Ch jos, xxiv. τῶν 2 Ki vi. 22: 


54 This rendering of the LXX is quoted in the 7heol. Zeitung of Innsbruck, 
1888, II.,264, in support of the reading O°), instead of ὉΠ 2Π, ‘ With the 
jawbone of the ass [the red one] have I reddened them’; cf. Hebraica, V., 198. 
But the conjecture is not plausible. — WM = VN, heap, is chosen here to accord 
with WN, ass, and is also found 1 Sam. xvi. 20 (Keil). 

55 TON is thought to contain an allusion to the name of the stork, avis pia, 
whose treatment of its young is so.different from that of the ostrich; see Gesenius, 
, ‘Thes., s.v.— Hoffm.: “Is the wing of the ostrich too slothful, or doth it want 
wing and feather?” 2.6. ΤΥ Δὲ ON (Jud. xviii. ο MI¥PI =) moy3 Ὁ) ἢ22 
£7812) (ION or) VON. 

56 A plural is expected here, referring to Ὁ. Keil (with LXX) takes it as 
instrum., which is rather forced ; Dillm. emends rym. 

57 Graetz, Monatsschrift fiir Gesch. u. Wissensch. des Fudenth, 1886, p. 505, 
considers PM a dittograph, and for pn, reads pay, That day will be urged, 
pressed, 2,6. hastened. 


58 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 
142%, Jer. 1. 35-38: mae Ss ooh... .oswo Sy son 


142°. yas Sp SSH STPRI. | SIT ἼΩΝ ΤΣ 19" 
Hag. i. 9, 11. 
LXX, καὶ ἐπάξω ῥομφαίαν (327) ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν. 


143. Ez. xxiii. 27: yb" ΞΠΞ MIDIS “WR 
144. Ez. v. 14: Maa ΠΞ ΠΟ sans 
145. Ez. vii. 14: mim o> se sa 5 
146. MX Ons) OIA ye ond wenn yp oon yo maw 
Jos. vi. 18, cf. vii. 11, 12: oand Ν᾽ sane 
147. Nu. xxi. 3: MAIN OST OW APY... DAMS Dom 


ΘΕ ας 1.29; 
148. “Na "TT" OY snow ‘Io WAN ΙΒ “J Wn δὲ 


ἜΒΟΟΧΧνΙ. Σ 


149. Jer. xviii. 2: sy δ» ‘awn piswns 

150. Is. χχχί, τα: ὨΞΟΘΝΟ wx oom we son wen man 

τοι. Joel ii. 16: mine DD ὙΠ AT ἈΧΣ 
v 

152. Ps, cxix. 66: : smo ΓΣῚ ὩΣ sw 


153. Ez.xiii.11; cf. vs. 10, 14,15, xxii. 28:, 5B" ben uni) Os “ὮΝ 


5 
154. PWD TET s...oe Ds weal ss Soe wien wesin 
myer yp >> man sen ὩΣ [9 ΠΡΌΣ magn 
Joeli. το, τ, τ OES YS [8 ww Φ ΘΠ Ὁ ws 


155. Ps, vi. rr: 927) Twa swe ak DS oke ay Ww 


58 In vs. 38, Ew. and Graf read 3M}. 

69 ADIN is omitted by LXX and Cornill. 

60 «Dp = ΤΠ Ὁ, vs. 12, used here on account of the ambiguous meaning of the 
word, and of the paronomasia with Sp” (Orelli). 

61 WIN, vs. 10, and Τ᾽ 21, vs. 12%, are probably to be derived from 22", 
while WW°3N, vs. 11, and W°3N, vs. 12%, are from WI; cf. Holzinger in ZATW, 
IX., 99 f., and Schwally, 2d¢d. VIII., 196. So Pesh. ΓΘ oun... SDN ἸΠΠ2 
δ. The Vulg. renders all the W571 in this passage by ‘confusum esse.’ 


156“, 


156°. 


157. 
158. 


159. 
160. 
161. 


162. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 59 


TTT Yow MX ΠΡ 19 Sp aT Me ΠῊΝ ODEM ἼΣΝΠῚ 
Gen. xxix. 35. 
Gen. xix. 8: “pms at ans oe 
Am. vii. 10 : past 5 mx Sond part Soin x5 
sexd FOP aw ΓΝ SPM PMI Mx OTN FDS TERN 
Gen. xxx. 23, 24: ὃ “IMS 13 esas mp" 
Ps. l. 2: rein ovds ἜΝ S550 rue 
Is. xvi. 3: pidw xn ΩΦ ax 
Hab. ii. 18: roo Ty ox} ms "5 
(qere FINED) PREP MAP ἫΝ ye Nd NT ors 


Zech. xiv. 6. 

On that day there shall be no light; the precious ones (the 
stars) shall contract (2.6. cover) themselves. — LXX, ἐν 
ἐκείνῃ TH ἡμέρᾳ οὐκ ἔσται φῶς, Kal ψῦχος Kal πάγος (= ΓΙ 
ΓΠΙΝΕΒΡῚ ; so the other ancient versions, Ew., Umbreit). 


163. Ps, xav.£5: “nS Τοῦ WV ΠῚ SP WNT Tt 
164. Ps, Ixiv. 5 : wT ΚΟῚ TT 
165. Jos. xxiii, 5: px"x mx ὨΡΙΦ ΞΕ ans wn 
Ce hud, χε, 
166. Mi. i. 15: swe ΓΞ 75 ΚΞΝ wT TD 
LXX, ἕως τοὺς κληρονόμους ἀγάγωσιν, κατοικοῦσα Aayxeis* κληρο- 
νομία ἕως ᾿Οδολλὰμ ἥξει. 
= 
167. Job xxxiii. 7: 22" xb Too ‘BON 
LXX, ἡ χείρ pov (= 32), Vulg. eloquentia. 
168. Prov. iv. 8: Mpsnn "> W2n 
169. Prov. xxv. 27: 33 O33 “pM aw xo main was Sox 


, “To investigate difficult things is an honor’ (Del.).*— LXX, 


ἐσθίειν μέλι πολὺ ov καλόν: τιμᾶν δὲ χρὴ λόγους ἐνδόξους 
-- ΩΦ ov 155 “ΡῚ ΠῚ (Lagarde). 


62 Ἐς, interprets the name ‘Taker away’ as though 07") was a contraction of 
FON (cf. 2 Sam. vi. 1; Ps. civ. 29); J. interprets ‘In i 


68 Reading 0°23. 


60 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 

170. 1Sam.iv. 21: Sew ΤΣ Ὁ) ἽΝ Tis is apd sap 

171: Jer. x..25s m2" ODN) =p>" TS S528 

172. Job xix. 27: ες pra ἐπὴν»: 2 
LXX, πάντα δέ μοι συντετέλεσται ἐν κόλπῳ (9 153). 

173. Job v. 26: “ap “os mo53 san 

τ 72... 15. xxxil. 7% “ΟΝ re) 55) 
The mean man — his means,are evil. 

178. Neh ixoga: ONyIDT PANT 39. mx ὩΣ Β yom 


. mt ose Me ὁ wid Dips WNW Dis NSD NBD 


Jer. ἈΠ: 1.7. 


177. Ῥίον. vii. 20:% ΠῚ NID" NOD ons 13 np> FST ΠΣ 
178. Prov. xii. τό: ony pop mest toys yar ors Ss 
179. Ps. cxlvii. τό: “VEY MEXD “NBD 
180. Ps. cxlv. 14, cxlvi. 8: DSS) bob mpi 
181. Ps. xxxvii. 20: BD "> TT SN) 
LXX, ἅμα τῷ δοξασθῆναι αὐτοὺς καὶ ὑψωθῆναι (= DIA). 
182. . Is. xlvi. 1, 2: 423 ΦΡ = a= 
183°. Ez. xxv. τό: En. ASHI 
183°, ΤῊΣ ΘΗ ΒΗ AMIN ὁ... 2 Yon 5sn ‘see 
Zeph. ii. 5, 6: ay ANS 
184. 2 Sam. viii. 18: MOET MID) Pe 13 ἸΠῸ3) 
Cf. a Sam. ‘xv. 18, xx, 9, 235 1 -Chr-xvitl.: 37; 

185. Ps. Ixxiv. 6: pao ΓΒ ΞῚ ows 
186. Nu. xiv. 45 :® mina" OD" 
- 

187. Mi. vi. 3, 4: DM PANS ΤΟΣ aa re oor ra 
189. Joel i. 19: mwnoxy S> mend mass 


Cf. Joel ii. 3; Ps. lxxxili. 15; cvi. 18; Job xii. 13. 


64 LXX, δι’ ἡμερῶν πολλῶν, which Lagarde thinks a corruption of διχομήνης. 

65 Instead of the usual 1021, for the sake of the paronomasia. 

% Hiph. of 13, Professor Haupt explains such formations (instead of 13°) 
of verbs }"} as due to the analogy with verbs 3"2; cf. Huizinga, Analogy in the 
Semitic Languages, Amer. Journ. of Phil., XII., 32. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 61 


190. Ez. xxi. 3: nasdu nan 
τοις. 19 ww xp yD Sy. Sigg wie 1S) DYDT Any SNM 


Gen. xxix. 34. 
191%, Nu. xviii.2: POD NPN JM Dap... ΠῸ PAS ΓΝ On 
192. Mii. 13: | w>> nawr wand maser on 


Ps, xxxv. 16: 122) Sy pwn ayn ay ‘DINI. LXX, ἐπείρασάν με ἐξεμυκτή- 
ρισάν με μυκτηρισμόν.5Ἴ 
: ra) 
193. PXT ON wie... mows MN ΠῚΠ Op OND 5 75" 


Is. viii. 6.8 


194. 2 Ki. iii. 19: sinas vy Soy ase vy 5> omsm 
195. Ps. Ixxxix. 41: mans woyse naw 
196. Is. xxv. 12: Sw ΠΩΣ pms swe as301 
197. Is. x. 31: ΘΙ TT 
198. Is. xxix. 9: WL WNW MM mens 
199. Is. xxii. 5: ΠΞΙΞῚ ADI) AD BY 
200. Gen. xix. 37: ΝΘ aw NPN 
201. Jer. xxvii. 2: nina ΓΘ > aw 


Cf. Nah. i. 13. 


202. 2 Sam.iii. 25: (kethib FNID) FNS ΤΙΝῚ FSS Ms ΤΣ ΟῚ 
Cf. Ez. xliii. 11. 


203. ΜΙ. ἔϊ. 4:1 pom saiws Ὁ wi ΤῊ ΩΣ ey pon 


61 7,2. Δ} 2} ‘2303. Schwally would emend "19 (ΖΑ Τ᾽ ΗΖ, ΧΙ., 258). 
, 98 The noun WW! instead of the verbal sentence wiry, for the sake of the 

‘pdronomasia with ON (Del.). For various conjectural emendations, see the 
commentaries. 

689 NWN from MY, after the analogy of }"}); cf. Huizinga, Analogy in the 
Semitic Languages, Amer. Journ. of Phil., XII., 32. 

7 The qere is to make the paronomasia more perfect. 

71 The text is not intact; LXX read differently, and in part better. See Stade, 
ZATW, VI., 122 f., and Wellhausen, ad loc. 


62 


204. 


205. 


206. 


207. 
208. 
209. 
210. 
2X1. 
212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 
216. 
217. 


218. 


219. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


Ps. cxliv. 13: mox ne oa oxo we 

Our garners are full, affording all manner of store (prop. from 
kind to kind). — LXX, τὰ ταμεῖα αὐτῶν πλήρη; ἐξερευγόμενα 
ἐκ τούτου εἰς τοῦτο (= [ΠῚ δὰ rtd; so also Graetz). 


Sema) o> ema os pa cwspa ms Soom un 
Ez. xxiv. 21: ὩΞΦΞ) 
Cf. vs. 25 (where ΝΣ is used for Sema). 


ὩΡΩΠ DW XA") Th pox ΓΘ D8 WED SPS" TWN" 
Gen. xxxil.-3% DMM ST 


Jud. v. 26: inp mESm vem ws ΠΡ 
Is. xii. τό: “ΩΡ wy ΝΡ one JW OWN 


Jer. χνῇ. 7: ΠΡ ONS Ams com onm>°> ean bs 
Jer. xlviii. 17: moan Sop 1p ΠΡ Aw) ADS 
15. xv. 2: Som asin xo Sy) 
Jud. v. 14: DPM. 5 oe a ὝΦ 29 
Jer. vi. rr: Sos cmd) cnsoy ovr nen ΓΝῚ 
Prov. xvi.14: 9 ABD" OSM wer ΓῚ “aNd Tp men 
Dan. iv. 24: pop nave ΞΡ ΚΞ id 
Cant. v. 16: nym >) oye ian 
Neh. ix. 20: prep np xd 7 
NTN TD NIE RNP AWE Ay: pon Spm x xe 


ANDRE kes xdpn bon: mabe ΠΊΣΩ 
posi Πρ ΠΞΥΤῚ ΠΊΣΩ mone ote :oen 


Dan. v. 25- “28,7 
PSI AS ΘΠ Wat OMe ond PR) DPwWsrt NYT IT 
Eccl. iv. 1: pm ond 
And behold the tears of the oppressed, and they have no com- 
Jorter; and on the side of their oppressors is power, and 
they have no avenger™ (Professor Haupt). 


72 See J. D. Prince, Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin: an Historical Study of 
the Fifth Chapter of Daniel, 1893. The nouns are now generally thought to be 
names of weights, mina, shekel, half-minas. The interpretation in vv. 26-28 is a 
series of plays on the meaning of the corresponding verbs, number, weigh, divide; 
the latter, by a second play, also suggests the Persians. 

73 YT) (more commonly 1°3), at the side of, cf. T¥'D, Jos. xii. 9; 1 Sam. vi. 8. 


\ 
4 
. LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 6 3 


220. DOM ME): Joe! we obi pow > obs 


Is. Ixv. 11, 12: whan mad 0553) sand 
221. Is. xvi rr: WIN MPD "DWI WIP WD. aN opp pouSy 
222. Is. xlviii. 19: ΠΊΣΩ PPD SES 
And thy offspring will be like the grains (gravel) “ thereof (the 
sea). 
223. Is. xvii. 1:7 MSD “OD AMT pe AD pws an 
224. Prov. xvi. 1:7 wS say sp 2d pap o> 


225. Job xxvii. 16:7 O° Ov ΓΝ Β sp ‘whee Sy sonar 
LXX, ... πτώματα πονηρῶν (= O° ida). 


226. Is. xxix. 3: naye pos cna pm sxe p29 ny 
227. Ps. cxix. 143: wey TNS CASS pi AS 
228, Dt. xxviii. 53, 55, 575 Jer. xix. 9: DIxI3) ΠΣ 


229. Prov. xiii.14: ΓῚ Wik IDS Ow ΠΡΌ DOM Asin 


Cf. xiv. 27. — LXX, 6 δὲ ἄνους ὑπὸ παγίδος θανεῖται (= TE 
mia weve ; Jager). 


230. Hab.i.6: ‘WONT TUT OMwIT Ms op ὉΠ 
231. Ruthi. 20: 8 Som 9 ΠῚ Ὁ pep 
232. Jer. iv. 17, 18: “WD TADS ANTS... ΠΤ CAS 
233. Jobxxxix.18: 3559) 5105 pnwn xen oie. np 


LXX, κατὰ καιρὸν ἐν ὕψει ὑψώσει, καταγελάσεται ἵππου καὶ τοῦ 
ἐπιβάτου αὐτοῦ. 


74 So the ancient versions; others take 1" Π1}»Ὁ = Ὁ}, “the bowels thereof”; 

see Dillm. 272 Joc. 
” #7 "YD is rejected (with the LXX) by Lagarde, Cheyne, and Bredenk. as ditto- 

graph of Vy; Dillm. would read *39. 

16 Wanting i in the LXX. 

77 The ἐπ. dey. mean, instead of the usual md), for the sake of the 
alliteration with (wD, 

78 On “WW, see note on No. 438. Cf. Siegmund in Wagner’s “ Valkyrie”: 
“ Drum musst’ ich Wehwalt mich nennen; Des Wehes waltet’ ich nur.” 


64 


234. 


228. 


236. 
237. 
238. 
239. 
240. 


241. 


242. 
243. 
244. 
245. 


246. 
247. 


248. 


249. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


NW TETAS TAN TT Nw ΠΡ... ΠῚΠ ope pow 15) 
Jer. xxiil..:33 : DONS “Nw 
LXX, καὶ ἐὰν ἐρωτήσωσιν ὃ λαὸς obtos ... τί τὸ λῆμμα κυρίου ; 

καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ τὸ λῆμμα ; SO Vulg., Pesh.” 
Ex. ii. το: SON!) ΘΠ [Ὁ 9 NM AWE Iw RAM 
Cf. above, § 12, p. 37. 


Prov. i. 6 : ona oma st aro See pasd 
Neh. viii. το: ppm inv ose box 155 
Jer. xlviii. 21: “iw pas Ox ΝΞ Daw 


Prov. xii. 5: TAB ows Nidan ΒΦ OE ΓΦ 
Is.v.7:% 9 APSE AMT ΠΡῚΝ mews sam wawnd wy 


Is. xxv. το: ᾿ς YOY WS PAM) WTTID NANN aN wry 


3 
Ez. ix.4: OPT) OMT awn minge Spon min 
Job xxiv. 15: PW) πῶ PND P°D) 
Job xi. 12: 533 313) WN 
Ez. xiii. 3: m Soi oss by sn 


LXX, ovat τοῖς προφητεύσουσιν ἀπὸ καρδίας αὐτῶν (= OND 


ΞΡ ; so Cornill). 
1 Sam. xxv. 25: vey man ww 52) ΝῚΠ 15 wD 
“pw maw ay 5 ἘΝ am mew 5235 ΠῚ xb 
Prov. xvii. 7. 
Ps, xviii. 13 (2 Sam. xxii. 13): way Vay M3 Made 
ANEES NOD TNS Nye Ay ΠΡῸΣ neo Ὁ 
Ps. lvi. 9. 


79 Following the versions, Hitz., Graf, and many others read, ΝΠ DAN, a 
pointed play upon 8WD,—In wv. 38, 39, there is another play on NWN: pe 
DIAS (Nw) NY} DIAN yw) ah yy See mena ΛΕ RYT Mn JIT ΓΝ ONS. 
Here also it is better to read with the versions, Ew., Graf, a/., NY] N'Y). 

80 In Assyr. sazdpu means ‘overthrow, oppress’; perhaps ΠΞΦ is only a 
transposition of this root. 

*1 “ Perhaps with allusion to the Moabite city Madmen, Jer. xlviii. 2, as "23 to 
Moab” (Del.). 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 65 


250. Job ii, rr: poms 1 tab send yom ΤΙΣ 
Ch sliy taste, το Nahe in..7 3 Ps: xix. ar: 
ΕΝ ea mam WaT ὍΣ TTD MPD xp Oy 


252. MP XAT 9 man Oy wipe poy soem Sunn nm ox 
Eccl. x. 4: pow oxen 
If the temper of the ruler riseth against thee, leave not thy 
place, for patience assuageth great wrongs.® 


253. 99 399) 5p ὉΣῚ poun 13. Sp ou pi Sy 5 xo xm 
Is. xxx. τό: ΞΘ 15" 15 
But ye said, No (we will not keep quiet), but we will flee on 
horses (of Egypt); therefore shall ye flee; and on the swift 
will we ride ; therefore swift shall be your pursuers. 


2g4. Jer. xlix. 30: : ὙΠ 303 
255. Gen. v. 29: NwrED wen ΠῚ ἜΝ mw XA’ 


, A “ 
LXX, καὶ ἐπωνόμασε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Νῷε λέγων Οὗτος διαναπαύσει 


ἡμᾶς (ΞΞ IT). Cf. above, ὃ 12, p. 38. 
266, 15; 1, 24°: “SND ΠΌΡΩΝ “XS ONS 47 
257. Is. xvii. 10: wh nan D393 PO) “YOM 12 by 
Therefore thou plantest pleasant plants,* but settest them in 


with strange slips. — φυτεύσεις φύτευμα ἄπιστον (= BON) x, 
Vulg. plantationem fidelem) καὶ σπέρμα ἄπιστον. 


258. Job xviii. 19:* ἸΏ 52 xd Ὁ 3 xd 


Cf. Gen, xxi, 23 5 Is. Σὶν 22: 


82 Merx cancels "1; Hoffm. transposes TN83N ony) wasn. 

83 That is, the sufferings resulting from the sins of the ruler (Professor Haupt) ; 
it must then be pointed 17}}". 

84 Cheyne and Duhn, following the interpretation of Ew., render “ plants of 
Adonis,” considering 0°33] to be an epithet of this god used asa name. As 
the worship of Tammuz is not mentioned by any prophet before Ezekiel, it is. 
doubtful, however, whether it had been introduced in Israel as early as the time 
‘fAsaiah. The reading of LXX seems preferable; perhaps D°J28) was changed 
to 0°39} to remove the countersense which arose from the loss of the negative;. 
cf. Vulgate. 

85 Cf, Assyr. ninu, “family,” Fried. Del., Assyr. Studien, p. 20. Compare: 
English “kith and kin,” German “ Kind und Kegel” ; in Cooper's “ Pathfinder,” 
Ch. x.: “She died leaving neither chick nor chiel behind her,” to which Pro- 
fessor Haupt kindly called my attention. 


66 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


259. Esth. iii. 12: “ban ngs. omn 3133) 
260. Gen. xlii. 7: ops “DIN, O13", 
261%. Ps, Ix. 6: mwp wes ΘΟ Ὁ) sso nn: 


“Thou hast given them that fear thee a banner to lift them- 
selves up because of the truth” (Del.).— LXX, ἔδωκας τοῖς 
φοβουμένοις σε σημείωσιν τοῦ φυγεῖν ἀπὸ προσώπου τόξου 


(ΩΦ) ; similarly Vulg. Pesh.” 
267, Saw 3a 5 Sy aa ΠΡ ΝΊΠΠ DAM ow xp" 


Ex. xvii. 7: up ms ὩΣ dy 
Cf. Nu. xx. 13; Dt. xxxii. 8. 
262. Is. x. 18: DE Db. mT 


And it (Asshur’s glory) shall be like the pining away of a sick 
man. — LXX, καὶ ἔσται ὃ φεύγων ὡς ὃ φεύγων ἀπὸ φλογὸς 
καιομένης ; Vulg. et erit terrore profugus. 


263. Gen. iv. 12: PASS AMIN ἽΝ 
Cf. vs. 14; Is. xxiv. 20. 
264. Ps. cxlvii. τ: mOsm ΓΝ OD) 


On VWI WIM, 1 Sam. i. 24, see Driver, Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, 
in loc.—In 2 Ki. ix. 4, IYI 2° is probably dittograph (LXX, Pesh.). 


| 265. Job xiv. 18: sin Spi “Wn 


LXX, καὶ πλὴν ὄρος πίπτον διαπεσεῖται. ὃ 


266. Is. lviii. 10: ΣΦΙ ΓΣ) WE? WEI syd pam 


And minister thy sustenance™ to the hungry, and satisfy the 
afflicted soul. 


267. Lam. iv. 15: WD) ὯΔ 33 "5 
268. Nah. ii. 2: | TS WI 
LXX, ἐξαιρούμενος ἐκ θλίψεως (= ΠΝ ON). 


86 Wanting in the LXX. 

87 This reading is adopted by most recent commentators, but is exposed to 
grave objections. 88 Cf, Syr. δὲ Ὁ), 

89 So Lagarde, Prophet. Chald., p.1.: Δ) 55). 

% Lit., ‘appetite, object of appetite.’ — Graetz, Monatschrift fiir Gesch. u. Wis- 
sensch. d. Yudenth., 1886, p. 272, emends J2N2 3yI7 DIAN, after Pesh.; 
cf. LXX. 

1 Cf, Frd. Del., Zeitschr. fiir Keilschriftforsch., 11.) 293 £.; Prolegomena, 
Py 127, Τὴ Σς 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 67 


269. Nah.i. 2: pox> xv oc pagd sy ὩΡ5 
Cf ‘Ley: xix:; 78. 
270. Prov. xx. 27: mos “yt 59 WER ons Maw) ΠῚ ἢ 
271. Ps. xxxii. ΤῸ MIND “DD SWE Ww) “WS 
272. Dy Nw.) TT Pas oe ody “pb omsew 15 Sy 
Ez. xliv. 12. 
273. 5S ΓΝ OON WDD Awe TDS Dw ms ABT ps 
Gen, xii. 51:™ “Spy 
274. Ez. xxxix. 9: PwId Wow 
275. Ps. Ixxviii. 9: AW) iT Wis OMS "33 
276. Job xxx. 13: ‘an IDM 
LXX, ἐξετρίβησαν τρίβοι μου. 
277. Jer. i. το: Ping wind ΠῚΠ ayn ὙΓΊΡΕΠ 
Cf: xviil.-4,:X¥21..25. 
- 
278. Nah.i. 3: JT ΠΡ) ABS ANT 
Cf. Is. xxix. 6. In inverse order, Am. i. 14; Ps. Ixxxiii. τό. 
279. Am. vi. 7: oma AM “δ᾽ 
καὶ ἐξαρθήσεται χρεμετισμὸς ἵππων (= DXDID AMD). 
28ο. ΓΝ ΞΟ ms: Sy ἸΠΡῚΠ OSMS Nw Ox 
2 Chr. xxxii. 15. 
281. Is. xxiii. 8: pw no 
282. ΣῊ wa? WP DN D'sind ὈΝΦΘΞῚ DAD OM") TW "3 


Nah. i. 10.™ 
For like thorns twisted together, and intoxicated in their drink 
(reading ὩΝ 3231), they are devoured like stubble fully dry. 


a 92 0), after the analogy of the verbs 7} to agree with 02. 

98 5), for the sake of greater similarity with WD; cf. Ges., § 52, rem. 1; 
Stade, ὃ 387%. 

94. The text is probably corrupt. LXX render Ὁ) 3120 Ὁ 3) IN, NNO} Ἢ 3 
P)) 528, which would at least suit the context. Graetz, MJonatschrifi, us.w., 
1886, p. 505, conjectures 2) YD DNIOI) Ὁ" 820 Dw IW in. He removes 
(cf. Job xxv. 5) drunken princes, etc. 


68 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


283. Eccl. vi.6: ΦΌΞΠ pm 13 WET nnn open dps "5 
284. Od ΞΞῚΞ o> why 705 me oD mi AS onNwn 
Am. v. 26: o55 omwy ἼΩΝ 
And you carry Sakkuth your Moloch (or king), and Kaivan, 
the star of your god, the images which you have made for 
yourselves.” 
285. Job xl. 22:% Gna "5 inser ox ΘΝ ὙΠ) 
286. Eccl. x.6: 1ow" baws ows Ὁ 29 ὈΞΕΠ [23 
287. Ps. lv.9:” spon mpd mm "> woe seems 
288. Ez. ἢ. 6:8 Jnix vido) oso oD 
For briers and thorns are they (the people) with thee. 
289. Dt. xxi. 18, 20: ἘΠῚ ΟῚ Sie aa 
Ch Jerevu23. 
290. py nawn ΞΟ THissp ΤΠ ἼΦΠ nw 
Ps. xviii. 12 (2 Sam. xxii. 12). 
» 
291. Prov. xxvi. 17: 19 Ν 3. Sy Saye sy 25D IND pM 
LXX, ὥσπερ ὃ κρατῶν κέρκου κυνός, οὕτως ὃ προεστὼς ἀλλοτρίας 
κρίσεως. 

292. Is. x. 29: Misr May 
293. Is. xxvi. 4: . ἽΣ “TD "3 IMS 
Cf. xlv..29, lxvea8 3 Ps. bexxili. 18, ΧΟ 8, cxxxit..142, 14. 

294. Jer. xvi. 19: YS IS TT 

x Cf. Ps. xxviii. 8. 
295. Ez. xvi. 7, 22, 39, Xxiii. 29: may ony 
296. Ex. xxiii. 5 : wp sign ΞῚΣ 1 sige ΠῚ) 


% On Sakkuth and Kaivan, see Schrader, KA 7.3, p. 442; JOURNAL, Vol. XI, 


p. 86. 


% Observe one alliteration enclosed in another after the scheme α δα. 

% For the da. λεγ. MYO, Graetz would read 11910; cf. above, No. 278. 

98 See Cornill in loc. 

89 The same development of meaning of 31}, ‘let alone, allow to exist; pre- 
serve, save,’ is also found in Assyr. in the Qal and Shaphel of this verb (ézébu and 
Sdzubu). 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, 69 


397: Zeph. ii 4: Min Many my 2 
298. Is. liv. 6: ΠῚ HDT) ADT ΤΟΝ 
299. mo 525 mays reas 52) ΤῊΣ rma aD "ΣΝ 55) 


Ez. xii. 14. 


LXX, καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἀντιλαμβανομένους αὐτοῦ (= TD); so 
Pesh. and Cornill. 


zoo. FT TY ΓΟ ID AAS IST 3 ΠΡ AX ND 


1 Sam. vii. 12.1% 
gor. Ex. xviii. 4: 192 ‘ax ΤΌΝ 5 ἜΣ ΟΝ Sonn ows 
202. 18. [Χ11..1:.: MM? TS FSSA ΩΣ As 


Cf. Ez.:xvi.. 12; xxili..4a ; Prov. iv. 9, xvi. 31. 


303. SW PY PE ATT PANS ΠῚ wT ὝΦΥ gn or 


Is. xxvi. I : om Minin mw 
304. Is. xvii, 2: ™ INIA Oy? apa ΤΣ Mary 
LXX, καταλελειμμένη εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα (?= TD “TD) εἰς κοίτην 
ποιμνίων. 
305. Oty woe owe ΘΙ δ Sy oss ons Ὁ Ὁ ὙΠῸ 
Jud: x42" Da 
306. Mi. i. το : 15 | ian 5x 25 
307. BWR 1259... AYP IOs ΠΩ. ΠῸ Swe ἼΩΝ 
Jos. vii. 25, 26: “NDP PRP NAT op 
LXX (cod. BF a@/.), καὶ εἶπεν Ἰησοῦς τῷ ’Ayap.’ 
308. Is. xv. 5 (Jer. xlviii. 5): 1s Aes pas ΠΥΡῚ nose 
Z00.. 15: ΧΑ]. 2: ody ὋΣ 


100 Wellhausen, 7ext der Biicher Samuelis, conjectures for 37} TY, 2 Ty! (or 
T33!), “ Witness may it be that Jahveh hath helped us.” 

101 Besides the alliteration there is perhaps also a play upon the etymology of 
Wy, ‘laid bare,’ from 1}’; cf. Jer. xlviii. 6, VAI WIIYd. Dillm. takes the 
word here also as an appellative. 

~ 4 102 As if from a sing. VY (as O° νὰ Π), instead of Ὁ» for the sake of the 
paronomasia. 

108 Most modern commentators since Reland (Padaestina tllustr. 534 ff.), “In 
Acco do not weep,” considering 132 a contraction [or corruption] of 133. On 
the LXX see Vollers, in ZA 7VW, IV., 4. 

104 So also 1 Chr. ii. 7, the name is changed to adapt it to the explanation: 
Sew? Vip Tay 2 323}. 


70 


210. 


ani. 


212. 


313. 


314. 


315- 


316. 


317. 


318. 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


Gen. xix. 48: ΠΣ ὋΞ ΞΝ ΝΊΠ ὭΣ Ξ Ww Spm 
ΓῺ Sp ΠΣ mag Sy ΓΝῚ aaa ng Sp ps oan 
Ex. xxxii. 18: yaw ἽΝ 


And he (Moses) said: It is not the shout of strength (2.6. of 
the victorious in battle), nor is it the cry of weakness (2.6. 
of the defeated); it is the voice of singing (around the 
golden calf) that I hear. 


Ruth i. 21: "3 Tp TM ὯΝ) “Ὁ ΓΟΝ ΡΟ mad 


15." x: 403 ΓΊΓΩΣ ΠΩΣ 

Poor Anathoth (sc. : listen "3°W/7) ! — Vulg; paupercula Ana- 
thoth. 

OBIE) BP 
Dt. Watt, Vos ee exxiv. 12; Joel i235) Zeph:- i. 15°; 
Ps. xcvii. 2; Job xxxviii. 9.1% 

Sex w> ppm ome xd: misoy Opis i> ΠῈΣ pox 
Job x. 22. 

(Before I depart into) the land of deep darkness, like darkness 
itself, of the shadow of death and of confusion, and when it 
is bright it is like darkness. — LXX, εἰς γῆν σκότους αἰωνίου, 
οὗ οὐκ ἔστιν φέγγος οὐδὲ ὁρᾷν ζωὴν βροτῶν. 

Gen. xviii. 27: “IBN “ED “D381 

Cf. Job xxx. 19, xlii. 6. 

Mi. iio; | “(qere ὝΒΡΕΙ) smyoans “EY mayo mas 

In Beth-le-Aphrah (Dust-home) bestrew thyself with dust 
(kethib, I have bestrewed myself). — LXX, γῆν καταπάσασθε 
κατὰ γέλωτα ᾿ ὑμῶν. 

1Chr.iv.g: ον mtd) saxd P2S2 VOW AND VON) 

Vs. 10:1 “SEP NPE? TTT Nw 


105 Pesh., Ew., Dillm., and Cheyne: “ Answer her.” 

10 Schwally, in ZA TW, X., 178, suggests the pointing bay after the analogy 
of N5oe, ONT, which is also favored by Syr. 8797). 

107 The parallelism favors the gere (Imv.). Hitz thinks that the kethib arose 
out of the intended allusion to nwo (cf. on No. 63). 

108 DIIDN; cf. on No. 306 and Vollers, dc. 

109 Perhaps 7)" is an old nominal form from a lost stem 73)’, and being at a 
loss to explain it, the author connected it with 3¥}’, which contains the same 
consonants; or, the name was originally 1¥}", and was altered on account of its 
unfavorable signification to 71)!" by transposition. 


σε 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 71 


319. 2 Ki. xvii. 4: xO> ΓΞ VTS ἜΝ op ya 
LXX, καὶ ἐπολιόρκησεν αὐτόν ; Vulg. obsedit (= 377") ™ 
320. Dt. xxxii. 36: ΙΝ TSP DES) 


Cf. 1 Ki. xiv. 10, xxi. 21; 2 Ki. ix. 8, xiv. 26. 


321%. DPS) Ww NAIPY WY Sys MMe ὙΤῚ TM 7D An 


Gen. xxv. 26. Ξ 
321), Gen. xxvii. 36: ὩΣ ΠῚ APP" APS? WW NIP “DT ἼΩΝ 
321°. Hos. xii. 4: TAS FS 3p9 1232 
3214, Gen. xxxii. 25: 1d WX paxn wad ΞΡΣ ann 
322. Zeph. ii. 4: “23 ΠΥΡῚ 
323. Mal. ii. 12: ΓΟ ID Wy ΟΝ weed ΠῚ Γ᾽ 


Jahveh will cut off to the man that doth it (marry a foreign 
woman) a waker (or caller) and answerer. — LXX, ἐξολοθρεύ- 
oe κύριος τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν ποιοῦντα ταῦτα ἕως Kal ταπεινωθῇ 


(9 => WD).— Vulg. magistrum et discipulum.™ 
32a. Is. ii. 19, 20: ΤΙΝ Π pay Alp 
325. Job ix. 9: mo) Sas ὧν nwy 
Cf. for the last words, xxxviii. 31 ; Am. v. 8. 
326. Gen. xxvi. 20: ἸῺΝ SPWYNID Pw ANIA OW XA" 
327. Ps. vi. 8: vax S23 ΠΡῸΣ Ty Dy πϑῶν 


Β 

328. Sonn sess Say nnn ΠΟ yaw may ΠῚ ἜΝΘ ond nnd 
Sento Tt see pats ὉΠ api > ΠῚ nnn 
| aA 5 «Ra Pg 

329. Esth. iii. 8: DY pS TS) a IN OD sw 


110 Klostermann, 73"); cf. xxv. I. 
111 So Luth., A. V., a/., following the rabbinical interpretation, Shadd., 55 ὁ. 


,Orelli takes VY as ptcp. qal in transitive sense, ‘caller.’ It is probably a proverbial 


phrase. 

112 Syr. POYNN, according to Professor Haupt, primarily, ‘ show one’s self hard, 
obstinate,’ then ‘ quarrel’; in Arab. ‘a3iga; ‘love,’ originally, ‘be hard in love’; 
‘asiga, ‘be bent on a thing, be interested in a matter’; perhaps loanword from 
Aram. PQJ!, ‘ business, concern.’ 

118 Bickell transposes TUM to the place before Dae: “oil of joy for the 
raiment of mourning, a song of praise for a failing spirit.” 


72 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 
330. Is. xxiv. 17: past awry poy ma) Na) np 
Cf. vs. 18; Jer. xlviii. 43 ; Job xxii. 10; Lam. iii. 47. 


331. Gen. x. 25 (1 Chr.i.1g): PANT m5D) To" "3D wp SAS OW 


332. Ps. cxli. 7: ΝΞ ΣΡΞῚ odd ww 

433. Jer. xliv. 14: Say) oD pd 
Cf. Lam. il. 22; 9.1 ὩΣ Jer. xiii. 17; Jos. viii. 22. 

334. 1 oat, xxi, 327" ͵ ΟΝ Ὁ ὩΤΡΩ by 


ΘΕ ΣΙ Ki. vi. 8 > Ru ive 2: 

335. DD OVO ΓΝ 5 (v. 32 ONDE) Sep OT OW Spy 
(ἰδῆ xxx: σα mp Ss 

336. Seaver ὋΞ ὯΞ Sy map ows ΠΥ xin mop mar ona 
Ex, xii, 27. 

337. oyoNn mss swe saws Seon Sop ms oem 

2 Chr. xxxiii. 7. 

338% ἊΣ PAD OMON ET > OMS SP Iw ow ΓΝῚ 

Gen. xli. 52. 


338°. Hos. ix. 16: pws: 53 9a war Ow OMS ΠΞΠ 

330"... Hos, xiii, 15:3: NE? DAS PS NT" 

339". F108; Xiv. ὁ: ΝΟ) TIE “od... DIES 

339. Lev. xiii. 45: FT] TT WN ΘΙ wt ww 
Cf. x. 6, Xxi. 10: 

340. Jobxvi.r2: ἩΨΒΨΒῊ (SIPS IM TEEN NNT bw 


114 Contracted 2199, Dan. viii. as CE Sys: 193, Arab. fulan. The Assyr. 
pul-pul is a reduplication of the old Arabic dialect form χε, which is used by 
poets in the Vocat., instead of fu/an,; see Haupt in Beitr. zur Assyriologie, 1., 
114, rem., and Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. No. 29, p. 51; also Frd. Delitzsch, 
Assyr. Worterb., p. 334, and Zettschr. fiir Ketlschrifif.,, 11., 320. 

M6 D9, in Syr. N¥D; Arab. fasuha, with weakening of the original Ὁ to ¥ by 
partial assimilation of the sibilant to the M (as Professor Haupt explains it); 
Eth. fasha, in the III. form ¢afa%za, means in the other Semitic dialects, ‘be 
lucid, bright, shining,’ then ‘be joyous, festive.’ MO may thus originally have 
had the meaning of ‘ feast, festival day,’ so that the explanation of the word given 
in Exodus would be based on a popular etymology. In Hebrew the stem denotes 
also motion, walking; cf. 2 Sam. iv. 4; 1 Ki. xviii. 21. 

16 Instead of 115", to agree better with the consonants in the name 0°75®. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 73 
341. PID ww APM pp ΤΣ Mw A Sam 
Gen. xxxvili. 29. 
Cf. 2 Sam. v. 20 (1 Chr.-xiv. 11), vi. 8 (1 Chr. xiii. 11). 


442... Ez, xxvii. 14.57 Tsay 2) TE) Sw) BD 
243. Hab... 3: YW We 
344. Prov. vi. 15: "30" SMD ITS 83° ORME 
Cf. DNND SN, Nu. vi. g; Is. xxix. 5, xxx. 13. 
345.- Gens ix. 27: ne pbx mn! 
346. SAPMIND" 2 ΠΝ ay mom] ods Sama: Sem ἼΩΝΟΣ 
Gen. xxx. 8; ao “SnD Yaw 
x 
347. Mii. rr: DRY ΣΦ me xd 
348. Is. xxii. 24: MDDS) OSENET 
The scions and the offshoots. 
349. Is. xiii. 4: mands xov IpaD nese ΠῚ) 
350. ΠΊΝΕΙ ΓΤ ΕΣ ΟῚ ay mows> migsy aye yp sin ors 
15: xxviil. 5): 9 aNw> 
351. Jud. v. 30:™ bow varied one yay 
352. Lam. iv. 18: WSS MTS 
353. Zech. ix. 3:™ m> i NS 3] 


Cf. WX “Id, Jos. xix. 29. 
3545. Ἵ ma snus ΠῚ Sag... pan mp Sp orm Sen 


Gen. xvii. 17, 19: pms? Wow ΓΝ AXP 13 
354°. Ὁ poy? sawn So ody Ὁ nwy phy ΠῚ oem 
Gen. xxi. 6. 


117 LXX omits 0°99. Cornill considers O°W5 a corrupt repetition of D°115) 
but O°WD is distinguished from D°D10 as fast, swift horses. In Assyr. pardiu 
-means (in Niph.) ‘fly off, hasten away.’ The stem 775 in Assyr. implies vehe- 
fmence, then swiftness. 
118 The form Ὁ" 5393, which occurs only here, was coined perhaps to = in 
sound with the name, and to distinguish it from Dyna), ‘the crooked ones.’ 
119 These words are lacking in LXX. 
129 For Soy, Ewald and Barth conjecture bay, ‘lady’; sc. Sisera’s wife. 
121 « A paronomasia, and, at the same fae. containing a double meaning, 


bulwark, and siege.” Stade in ZATW, 1., 48 f. 
LEB RA Ww, 
Ζ (Sixers OF THE rm eS ~~ \ 
ee “ἢ 


ΠΩ 71.3 aly 


74 PARONOMASIA IN-THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


354°. Gen. xxvi. 8: ΩΝ APS ΓΝ PAs PMs AT NA 
355. Jer. ii. 6: nysoe) By PANS 
906. Tez. ΧΙ τῶν Nox) TL PANS 
“δὴ. Is. xxxiv. 14% D'S AS OMS Wb 
158: Dan, xi. 30°" mind avs 5 IN} 


Theod., καὶ εἰσελεύσονται ἐν αὐτῷ οἱ ἐκπορευόμενοι Κίτιοι 


(= ΠΩ Naw xxiv. 24, OND ΤῸ ΕἸ 


459. Jon. iv. 6: ans Ὁ Syd wen ὃν Sx mend 
360. Ps. cvii. 33: Tee OY Ne... OB 
367, Zech. Vi. tas Mok? PONS) Wow MS Ws ΓῺ 
362. Hos. viii. 7: map Awe 3 mex 


363. ΠΟΣΌΝ “PEP NIT Maw ovd ΠΞῚΡ ANIM yA ΝῺ A 
som Φ ΚῸ > Sp:.. ΚῚΣ agg xom maw x 


Gen. xix. 20, 22: “ΝΣ 
364. Gen. xxxi. 49: ἽἼΣΦῚ 3 TT ΠΝ ΠΝ ΟΝ BY 
365. Jud.v. 4: DIS MW TIPSS Vw ANNSS AT 
Cf. Ps. Ixviii. 8. 
366. Prov. xiii. 22 : spin Sn ped nex) 


367. Ps.xxxii. 7: Ὡ3ΘΊΩΙΙ Wop ἽΝ oye Ὁ onp wns 
Thou art my hiding place, from trouble wilt thou protect me, 

with songs of deliverance wilt thou compass me about. — 

LXX, σύ pov εἶ καταφυγὴ ἀπὸ θλίψεως τῆς περιεχούσης pe 

(Ξ- ΣΝ), τὸ ἀγαλλίαμά μου, λύτρωσαί με ἀπὸ τῶν κυκλω- 


σάντων με." 


122 For D'S, Graetz (Monatschrift, 1886, p. 547) would read 0°V¥, messen- 
gers. — Jer. xlviii. 9, 8¥D) NY) is prob. to be emended after LXX, ΠΥ ἢ ΤΣ; see 
Schwally, ZA 7W, VIIL., 197, n. 3. 

128 The reverse order, vs. 35; Is xli. 18. 

124 Professor Haupt, who refers Ps. cxxxii. to Zerubbabel, sees in Ps. cxxxii. 17, 
MP TS DW, “There will I make a horn to sprout,” etc., an allusion to ΤΥ, 

125 y¥n, instead of the more usual 1110), to play on the name of the city. 

126 In the preceding, nothing has been said about a M981. Ewald therefore 
(Komposition der Genes. p.64) conjectured NDYNN NIXDM, “ And the pillar 
he called Mizpah.” 

127 °}9¥N) chimes on both sides with ὝΥ and 2), The two Inff, 2) and WD 
are used in Genit. relation, and the former stands in the Plur. 


368. 


369. 


370. 


371. 


372. 
373- 


374- 
375: 


476. 
377: 


478. 


979. 


380. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 75 


Prov. xxiv. 10: mon ἽΣ ΠΣ OS Maw 
“If thou art faint in the day of adversity—thy strength is 
narrow ” (Del.).’% 


15. xxx. 6: wr) ΞΡ ΠΡῚΝ) ΠΣ pags 
Cf. Prov. i. 27; ΠΡῚΝ ΔΊ TR, Zeph. i. 15 ; Job xv. 24; a5 
ws, Job iv. 11. 


Hos. xiii. 12: VANONM MES BSS ΠΝ Wz 


» 
Is, χχχίνοτι: | NEP AXP TW 
Cf. Zeph. ii. 14. 

Hos. ix.6: O93PM ἢ oxspn exe wwe ios snp 
mop one npor;... mip 15 sume Ox... ep ἼΩΝ ΠΘ 
be OP TWX 2ΠΝΘῚ TTS TYP pen rd... 
Jer, SS. 27, 22: wes 523 
2 Ki. iv. 31: ὩΨΡ ΓΝῚ ip psi 

"OS TT ANN DIPS AST ἼΩΝ ST ΓΝ TT ἘΡῚ 
1 Ki. viii. 20 (2 Chr. vi. 10). 
Jer. xii. 13: TYP OY ΘΠ ἸΣῚΙ 
Is. xxii. 5 : 7 m7 Os yaw) ap apse 
Kir undermineth, and Shoa is at the mount.!™ 
“Oe TT Tae pp IOS SN) DIS ΠΝ ΠῸΝ ΠΡ ON" 
Am. viii. 2: Dew Ὃν Ne PET ND 
sor NO ΘΙ 33)... : Sas ren ΤΥΥΡῚ ἼΣΡ Sy Ὁ 
BOT TPT FIT TIT NO ΘΞΡΞ pM SPT 
Is; ὑν] Ὁ; to." 
Cf. Jer. viii. 20 (P'P, VE); Ps. xcv. x (DN, f39). 
Job xxiv. 8: ΚΝ onpor ΡΠ oan up Sy xin Op 


* #8 LXX divide and read differently. 

129 Professor Haupt identifies w with Assyr. 2é5u ; Ὁ and ) often interchange’ 
in the Semitic languages. 180 So Ewald, Propheten®, Cheyne. 

181 Besides the alliteration of ὙΠ with 117, there is a striking contrast 
implied in the latter word: the joyous shout of the vintagers (the primary meaning 
of the word) has ceased (v. 10), the fierce cry of the invading enemies has sur- 
prised them (v. 9); cf. the parallel passage in Jer. xlviii. 32 £, T1780 TN. 


i 6 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


381. Gen. iv. τ: TUT Ms BI TEM PP ms tom 

382. SODD OW TaN FS Te ws Rw IT Me 
Nu. xxiv. 21: ΤΡ 

383. Ez. vii. 6: TOR PPT PPT ΝΞ ND PP 


LXX and Cornill read only 83 Pp. 
384. Habit 16: ‘Pha ΟΣ ΠῚ... hop pop nyaw 
abe, Js. xh. a: ‘NWP FY Wes IAN MBYD 1) 


He maketh like dust their (the enemies of Cyrus) sword, like 
driven stubble their bow. Cf. Job xli. 20. 


386. Prov. vii. 3 : 325 md 5p osm Tmipasy Sy pnw 


Ἐ 
381. ἘΠῚ ὮΣ ΠΊΩΝ 5 ἢ Og παν ΤῸΝ ot ΠῚ ow apm 
ὙΠ ὙΠ ogo ἼΝΞΟ ΚῸΡ 19 Sy ΣΝ ΠΝ ΓΝ 
Gen. xvi. 12,12. 
388. Wx i os powres ΠῚΠ ΓΞ ms ms> maby Sr 
2 Chr. iii. τ - 19 wma ὙΠ ΠΝ 


389. “IDS PTT ΠΝ 2 ΠΊΩΝ [SD TSI Taw SPM 


Gen. xxix. 32.1% 


182 dr, Ney. for [PIP (from 7), to suggest [PNP (Keil, Lange and 
Orelli); Vulg. vomibus ignominiae; cf. Stade, § 124%. 

Professor Haupt kindly calls my attention to the conjecture of Εἰ, Nestle in his 
Marginalien und Materialien, Tibingen, 1893, p. 1, that Gen. i. 9, 10, should 
be read yp’, instead of MP's also 2 Chr. i. 16; Lev. xi..36; Ex. vii. 19, Mp, 
instead of ΠΡ, comparing the Arabic garay, to collect water in a reservoir; 
gariyyun, canal; magran,a place where water is collected. If this conjecture 
be adopted, then there would be ἃ paronomasia in Jer, iii. 17; NTP? nin ΠΡ2 
«2 Π 9 mos spy MT KOI powid, 

183 Reading after the LXX: DIM and ONwp, 

184 See Dillm.; Wellhausen’s emendation and interpretation do not accord with 
the explanation of the name. 

185 Not was shown (the place), for which the. Hoph. would be used, but 
appeared; the subject, Jahveh, is easily supplied from the preceding; the refer- 
ence is to the event related in 2 Sam. xxiv. 16. For the derivations of DN, 
cf. Ges., Zhes.; Grill, in ZATW, IV., 145.—A play upon 7) and ΤΙΝ Ἢ is, 
according to Dillm., also to be recognized in Gen. xxii. 1, 8, 14. 

136 Lagarde, Onomast. Sacra, II., 95, suggests the reading 125, as a corrupted 
Plur. fract. after the analogy of forms like 1/1}, and attempts to derive its 
meaning from the Arabic. — 28%, “to look upon with compassion”; so 
1 Sam.i. 11; Ps. cvi. 44. 


300. 
301. 
392. 
393+ 
394- 


395: 


406. 
397: 


398. 


399- 


400. 
40:1. 


402. 


403. 


404. 


405. 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 77 


Zech. ix. 5: ™ opm ρῶν son 
Prov. xxii. 3 (xxvii. 12);™ SnD} APT ΠΣ OM 
Job xxiii. 6: “Tay 2. AD 3330 
Hab. iii. 2: NIM OM 1) 
Joel ii. το: Dew wy pax ΠῚ mpd 
Cf. Is. xiii. 13, xiv. 16; Ps. Ixxvii. 19 ; 12} WY, Job xxxix. 24. 
15. xv. 4: ™ Ὃ ΠΡ WED ws sxe weds 15 Sy 


Therefore Moab’s warriors wail, his soul quaileth within him. — 
LXX, διὰ τοῦτο ἡ ὀσφὺς (= ΣΡ) τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ, ἡ ψυχὴ 
αὐτῆς γνώσεται (= 797"). 

Ps, xxxiv. 11: p71 Ww ahs 

ὯΝ AT ST ANY "3 AEX" NSA Tew NPA 

Gen. xxvi. 22. 
Dt. xxiv. 6: 55} om ws Sarr x5 
Ox Tw" PS PS BAS ἫΣ Ayo 85 5 mem xD maw esp 


Hos. i. 6. - 
Chi. s, 
Jud. vi. 32: Spa $3 ΞῚ ἽΝ Sys sin ors Ὁ spy 
Job xiv. 9: Ih 5? BMD. Mya 
Gen. viii. 21 ™ (thirty-eight times inthe O.T.): [ΠΡ ΠΡ 
Ps. xv. 3: ΠΣ ΠΡ saws xb 
Cf. xxviii. 3 ; Zech. viii. 17 ;. Prov. iii. 29. 
Prov. xiii. 20: bh oS ps ΠΡ ἢ 
LXX, γνωσθήσεται (= YT"). 
Prov. xviii. 24: yori ays ws 


Wanting in the LXX; Theod., ἀνὴρ ἑταιριῶν τοῦ ἑταιρεύσασθαι ; 
Gr. Ven., ὥστε ἀλαλάζειν. 


ἡ Ast Similar combinations of M8) with 8V: Is. xli. 5; Ps. xl. 4, lii. 8, cxii. 8; 
Job vi. 21, xxxvii. 24 (accidental, Gen. xlii. 35; Ex. xiv. 13, 31; Dt. xx. 1, xxviii. 103 
1 Sam. xxviii. 5, 13; 2 Sam. xiii. 28; 1 Ki. iii. 28). 

188 Similar combinations of 87 (NV) with TY (4): Ex. x. 10; Ps. xxiii. 4, 
xlix. 6, xc. 15; Prov. xxiv. 18; Neh. ii. 17. 

189 1" only here, and the derivative ΤΠ), ‘ curtain,’ 

140 For ΓΙ), from 3), a formation like y3. 


78 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


406. 1 Chr. vii. 23: ID ANA APIS 3 Ay ww ΠΝ ep 
407. beave ms ny bois agp poy sss... em 
Jer. πὶ, 27. 
408. Prov. xiv. 32: ™ ow Amn ins 
4og. Is. xxix. 6: WPI) Os Ian ΓΊΝΞΝ avy ove 
410. Jud. x. 8: ΔΝ aa wo" 
4τι. Ez. xvii. 20: a) oy “mw 
Cf. Lam. i. 13. 
Ὁ 
412. Ex. xxii. 8: soy Sy mw dy 
413. 1 Ki. xviii. 27:™ % pwd mw 
414. Lam. iv. 21: BIS 2 aw ww 
Cf. Ps. xl. 47 (Ixx. 5); ΠῚ pw, Is. xxii. 13, xxxv. τὸ, 
Ἧ rx, Jer.:vil.34; “xv. 16, xvi. 9; Zech: vili. 19 ; ‘Ps. li.-10; 
{Ww Mw, Esth. viii. τό, 17. 
415. “QUE Taw ms xTpm... “aw ods pmo Πκ sem 
Gen. xxx. 18.14 
416. Eccl. ix. 5: ΒΞ] mows 5 sy ond ny pe 
417. Gen. xxxi. 27: my ywsi ΠΡῸΣ nou 
Cf. z2 Chr. xxiii. 18. 
418. Is. lv. 12: rosin novus: NEN AMAws "5 
Cf. Prov. xii. 20. 
419. TW YW I py mae b> cans poset cee 
Gen. xxv. 25. 
4τοῦ. Gen. xxvii. 11: VOW W's TIS TWP 1 
420. Job xxvii. 21: ise vase) JON op ay 


141 Similar combinations: xii. 21, xiii. 17, xv. 28, xi. 5; Ps. vii. 10, x. 15, 
xxxiv. 22; Is. iii. 11. 

142 δ᾽ is dw. λεγ.; Klost. omits. 

143 On the pronunciation and derivation of the name, see Delitzsch én Joc. 

144 NOW (instead of pen or {1", which are elsewhere used in Eccl.) perh. 
for the sake of the paronomasia with D075}, 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 79 


42x. Job xxvii. 23:45 wip Pop pawn ἸΔῈΞ ΔῸΣ pee 


422. Is. i. 23: ἢ yw 
“Thy law-makers are law-breakers”” (Cheyne). Cf. Hos. ix. 15. 
423... 2-Kis xxiv. ἘΣ ΣῊΝ yO" TA 
424. BO ΠΡ 9 Sew ox 9. pew nD a! spy" ND Tan 
Gen. xxxii. 29: SIN) DWI OD pdx 
425. Mi. vii. 3: mdw wenn Sy avs 
Cf. Ex. ii. 14. 
4 . : 
426. Zeph. i. 15: MSW Nw OF 


Cf. Job xxx. 3, Xxxviil. 27. 
427. 1Sam.i.20:4 ὙΠΟ mm 3 Sew mow ms NPM 


428. “DX ons ὍΣ cnbew owe snoxw ms mp ons 
1 Sam. i. 27, 28: at yn 


429. ὯΝ mown xo cna xOm ras mx 15 snoxwa 


2 Ki. iv. 28.18 


430. Jer. xlviii, rr: OW Sse NIT PRA PADD aN PRY 


Cf. xxx. 10 (xlvi. 27). 
43%: Is, xxivi-t2: “ὮΝ ΓΞ" TSW} maw Wd2 “NW 
432. Lam. iii. 47: 307) ΓΝ 


145 “ The accumulation of the terminations éo and émo,”’ says Delitzsch, “ give 
a thunderous roll and an impress of gloom to this conclusion of the description of 
judgment, as in the Psalms these terminations uniformly recur where moral 
depravity is mourned over, and divine judgment threatened (eg. Ps. xvii., xlix., 
Iviii., lix., Ixxiii.).” 

146 Not 10°70, as Ὁ stands for 0°70 (form gaési/), with lengthening of the 
patach into qames after resolution of the doubling; wherefore the latter is 
unchangeable. The plur. Ὁ ΟἽ (alongside of "1D) is therefore incorrect; cf. 
the same confusion in Ὁ ΖΞ, horses, and Ὁ) 15, horsemen, which latter stands 
for DWIID; cf. on No. 342 (Professor Haupt). 

147 Cf, above, § 12, p. 38. 

148 Klostermann thinks that 73WN (comp. Dt. xxvii. 18) was the original 
reading. 

149 According to Professor Haupt, not a pilel form, as usually explained, but 
simply the stem |8W with the nominal ending am, as in {2)p, etc.; cf. above on 
No. 347. 


80 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, 


433. Ez. xxxix. 2: TSW PMIB 

434. Gen. xli. 47: mxsp> paws ww yaw ΝΠ wsm 
Cf. v8.53, 54: 

435. ἘΜῸΝ DW) Ow 3 yaw ΝΞ xin ond ΚῪΡ 13 by 


Gen, xxi. 31." 


436. Ex. xxii. 9: Maw) 8 TDW IN 
Cf. Ez. vi. Ὁ. 
437. Ez. vi. 6: 15 ὨΞ 55 ἸΏΞΨΦΟΙ mw 
438. Is. xiii. 6; 706] 1. 15: sia? “Twi Tw 
439. Is. li. 19, x. 183 Jer. xlviii-'3 : “swim Ww 
440. Joel i. το: mens moa mw tw 
Ast. 18, sen. 223 “an “Iw by asap ow by 
442. ppt paw) 


Dt. xxviii. 22; 1 Ki. viii. 37 (2 Chr. vi. 28); Am. iv. 9; 
Hag. ii. 17. 


443. POS WONT IW OY 1Dw) wR pox. 055 Oe ἸῺ ΠῚ 
1 Ki. viii. 47: ΠΩΣ 783 
Cf. Dt. xxx. 1-3; 2 Chr. xxx. Ὁ. 


444. OX SP ssw: eons we ee naw ms ΠῚ saws 
Ps. cxxvi. 1,4: 31323 DENS (qere UNSW) UMW 


When Jahveh brought back the captives of Zion we were like 
those that dream. Restore, O Jahveh, our prosperity, as 
streams in the south country. 


445. Jer. iii, 22: DS NSwWH NWN Das ΘῸΞ ww 


Cf. vs. 12, 14; Hos. xiv. 5. 


150 Cf, ch. xxvi. 33, where the name IW N82 is connected with the numeral 
MAW, seven. 

161 LXX omits N2W)). 

162 On the text, see Stade, ZA TW, IV., p. 267, rem. 1; Duhm, ad loc. 

168 ΓΔ is prob. transcriptional error for IW. The phrases NAW AW and 
maw 31, though frequently confused, are not identical in origin or meaning. 
Maw AW, which is pre-exilic, is a figura etymologica, meaning ‘ restore the former 
condition’; IW 3), on the other hand, which originated after the deportation, 
is a paronomasia, meaning ‘ bring back the captivity, captives.’ In Ps. cxxvi.,, 
there is thus a two-fold play in NOW AW, vs. 1, and MAW AW, vs. 4. So 
Professor Haupt. 


3 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. δὶ 


446. ΝΞ ΠΣ AWE ΝΠ ASB NS ΤΡΏΠΏΣ wns sy 


Jer. ἀχχὶ σάν "233 3310N 73/3 
447. Jobv.21: ΝΣ 5 THAN dy ΚΞΠῸ fwd vis 
448. Is. xxviii. 15, 18: 19 ‘NID? NO ΠΣ Σ “> FW ww 
449. Ps. xviii. 42: wis Pi iw 
450. Gen. iii, το :™ Spd GEN ANN) wx Wwe ΚῚΣ 


451. Ps.v.g: ἼΣΥΙ ES (kethib TWiT) Aw “PT pad 
Οὗ xxvii. £7. 

452. Prov. xii. 25: 8 AINEW? Dw ADT AV we 355 ΠΟ 

453. PTW D Ws INNS MPPs NPS M|MwWs AT D2 


Dt. xxviii. 22 : pprs 
454. Sow poy ΠΣ xd pry ὋΞ 9 sd... oon 
Job xxviii. 7, 8. 
455. Lam. ii. 6: Maw ΣΙ WPS AT Naw ΤΣ nw 
456. Job xxiii. 18: ΠΟΦΞ AD NM Nw ye we] wr 
457. Dan. xi. 22: Tp IR Aw ΤῚΣ 
458. ΤΡ Ap we med sem... yw ods ow mom. 
Ps. Txix)' 37, 42: ΘΒ 
459. sms sar ods Ὁ ΓΦ nw ἸῸΝ ms ΠΡΟ 
Gen,-ivi.25.” 
460. Ps. exxxvii. 5 :™ ὍΣ Maw Dow ἼΠΞΩΝ ὮΝ 
461. Cant. iv. 2: Dra ΓΝ pawn nian o2y 


154 XX presents a different text; see Workman, p. 346. 

155 Hoffmann, W, the demon of sickness, after Ps. xci. 6. —The combination 
occurs also Ecclus. xl. 9: σύντριμμα καὶ μάστιξ. 

156 Duhm surmises that Is. wrote UUW OW, the second word as genit., 
“ stachelpeitsche.” 

157 Professor Haupt, Bettrdge zur Assyr. Lautlehre, p. ΤΟΙ, rem. 6, suggests 
that in this much-vexed passage there is a play on the words ἢ} and ‘RU, 
DWN being put for 1JD)NW)N, to agree more closely with 13}. Such anoma- 
lies are often met in paronomasia. This explanation removes all difficulties. 

168 In the Talm. Yoma, 74%, the suffix is referred to IN, and the word is in a 
playful manner explained; either he shall shake it off his mind (NYT) IMO’), 
or he shall tell it to others (D8? 731"), and by this relieve his heart. 

159 See above, § 12, p. 40. 

160 Dyserinck emends WI’); Graetz, better, wndn; ΟΡ: ΟἿΣ: 24. 


82 


PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


62. Job xxi. 23: vow psdw Ἵ55 
463. Job iii. 26: ‘mop xbdi mou xd 
464. mow tons ΡΨ oes pame row: aby ody τον 

Ps. cxxii. 6, 7: ΓΌΟΝ 

4655. 1 Chr. xxii.g: MD... JMS OPW) Ow ἸΘ mt ΠΟ os 
465%. 1 Chr. xxix. 19: pow 225 in a rdw 
466. Prov. vii. 14: indy om Sy ΡΨ ὙΠῚ 
467. Jer. xxxiii. 9: magyand: sbamd pww owd > an 
468. Is. xiv. 22: sxwi ow Saad cnom 

Cf. ΙΝ OW, 2 Sam. xiv. 7. 
469. Eccl. vii. 1: 210 jaw Ow a1 
470. Mal. iii. 20: APIS Ὁ aw os os ΠΣ 
47%. ἘΖειχχηϊ 233% Mow Maw Did 
472. Jer. v. 30: PSS... THY πὸ 
413. Mi. vi. τό: 19 Πρ mse προ qs ΤΣ 585 
474. Lev. χχνὶ. 32: OSS" POD WARN ΝΠ AS ὋΝ Hw 

Cf. Ez. xii. 19. 
475. Jer. ii. 12: ΘῸΦ ww 
476. Is.v. 6: mew aw ΠΟΣῚ 

Cf vil.-23): 24, 1x. 39; X37, xxvii. 4. 
411. Ps.xlv.8: rane few yaw pods ands amv yo by 
478. Cant. i. 3: ἼΔΩ PIN jaw 
479. DOW Anwe moss meer Soo mee ΠῚ awn 

Is. xxv. 6: ΡῚ OMY OOD ΣΟ OND 

480. JID WW NPM... "DIN ANU 9 TVD yaw "3 “NM 


Gen. Xxx. 34, 


161 Formed from }]8¥Y by epenthesis (Del.); or transcriptional error for that 
word (Stade, Merx, Hoffm.). 

162 Other combinations of ΓΙ ΦῚ MV, xxxii. 15, xxxiii. 28, 29, xxxv. 3, 7. 

168 Similar combinations of "W) 'W, Jer. xix. 8, xxv. 9, 18, xxix. 18, xlix. 17, 
li. 37; the verb, 1 Ki. ix, 8. 

164 « DIDW for Ὁ" 35n, and DY for DW ,", for the sake of assonance” 
(Duhm), 


LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 8 3 


48:5. Gen. χνὶ τι ΡΣ OR TT paw 3 ὈΝΣΩΨΦῸ wow map 
481°. Gen. xvii. 20: TAS aw oes) 
482. Dt. vi. 3: ΟΣ mae Sew nope 
483. Prov. xix. 16: WE) “aw Mes “Nw 
Ch xxi 22: 
484. ΡΞ omy “ps5 ΣΥΝ wars smdmin 
Pac osxxs6o2 
LXX, ἤλπισεν ἡ ψυχή μου ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἀπὸ φυλακῆς πρωΐας 
μέχρι νυκτός (= ΞἼΣΙΙ ID APS ΠΣ ΦΚΏ). 
485. Ps. cxix. 117: TOM TEND APR ΠΣ ΦΊΝῚ IPS 
486. Ez. xxviii. 26: amin pew 523 maw ΩΣ 
487. pt ope 
ν᾿ 18. fos: yi. 33527 Cir: xxi 4, ΧΧν1 20: 
488. Jud. ii. 16: pre ΤῸ pwn Daw AIT oD 
489. “ROAD WAwIT pas Sx om ovat 5D ΓΝ nest 
Joel iv. 2: Dw Diy 
CL ws. σῶς 
490. Jer. xiv. 6: DN. mo ΒΝ may Sy wep oD) 
491. Mi. i. τα: 15 ΓΞ may wav naw ΞΟ “ay 
Pass thou away, O inhabitress of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped 
in shame. 
492. Is. liv. 8: see pac cnanon ΝΡ Ayws 
493. Ezra viii. 29: IW MW 
494. SOIR TWD md nav. . ANT as Tp Ope TANI 
(ieee tae @ ae ea inwed “55 


. 165 See Haupt, Hebraica, 11., 101 ff. 
+ g 106 DW, perhaps for VOW, a city in Judah (Jos. xv. 48), in order to play on 
its appellative meaning (Orelli). 

167 Del., Dillm., Cheyne (cf. Pesh.) consider the dz. dey. \¥W a by-form of 
OW, which is used in a similar connection in Prov. xxvii. 4, preferred here for 
the sake of the paronomasia with ἼΣΡ. Duhm regards isu as a copyist’s error. 

168 For IpU 1°, Graf reads, with Aq., Sym., and Vulg., ρὶυ pd, virgam vigi- 


lantem. 


84 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


495. Is. xlix. ro: ww saw op xd 
496. Is. xiv. 30: IP ἭΝ ΘῚ WI ΞΣῚΞ nM 
Ch 2 Rickik 20:35, 
Ὠ 
Moy, 18. ΧΤΙΧ, "2. Ὁ M8) ΠΝ AAT 
Cf. Lam. ii. 5. 
498. Ex. v. 18: gan oad ἸΞΓῚ ὩΞ Ὁ in xd yam 
499. Gen. i. 2: Wi ὙΠ ANT pas 


Cf. Is. xxxiv.(91-3, Jer. iv, 23. 


soo. MDS Das pv Say... ΤΣ 15 yen ow 55 ΠΞΝ 


Zech. xii. 4; cf. Dt. xxviii. 28: | 
sor. mann 52) aban 52 
1 Ki. viii. 38, 45, 49, 54, ix. 3 (2 Chr. vi. 19, 29). 
502. Jer. vi. 1: _ BW spn ypmai 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASIA QUOTED IN THE LIST. 


1. With regard to the part of speech of the combined words : — 

a. Noun with noun.—1, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 10; 20, 
22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 57, 58, 62, 64, 
66, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, ΤΟΙ, 102, 104, 113, 115; 
116,118, 1290; 522,323) 324,326, 127, 128, 129, 130, ΤΩΙ, 132,134) 
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177, 
178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 
208, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 236, 238, 
239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 258, 263, 264, 270, 278, 281, 


169 [XX in Lam.: ταπεινουμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην, so also Is. iii. 26: 
ταπεινωθήσονται (= iIyY?). 

170 The word 13 occurs in other Semitic cosmogonies. So in Philo Byblius’ 
account of the Phoenician cosmogony, where Bdav figures as the spouse of ἄνεμος 
κολπία (C. Miller, Fragm. Hist. Graec., 111., 500 f.). Some Assyriologists believe 
that the word occurs also in the cuneiform inscriptions under the form of Ba’u, the 
mother of Ea, the lord of the deep ocean, properly a personification of the water 
(cf. Hommel, Geschichte Assyr. u. Babyl., p. 255). According to Professor Haupt 
(Bettr. zur Assyriol., I., 181, 23), 13 is equivalent to Assyr. ὀφεόζΖιε (standing for 
buh-buh-matu), “hunger,” properly emptiness (ASX 7, 89, 22; 109, 111), but 
also the contrary, “ food,” 2.6. what fills out the emptiness (cf. Descent of Ishtar, 
IV. 'R.,'31, 8). 


ν 
δ 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASIA. 85 


282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 298, 302, 
303, 314, 315, 316, 320, 323, 325, 328, 330, 333, 342, 344, 348, 349, 
350, 351, 355; 356, 357, 358, 360, 362, 366, 369, 371, 374, 378, 379, 
384, 385, 393, 403, 408, 409, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 418, 422, 423, 
425, 426, 431, 432, 434, 438, 439, 441, 442, 447, 453, 454, 456, 458, 
462, 464, 465°, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 477, 478, 479, 
486, 487, 488, 492, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501. — 212. 

b. Noun with verb.— 21, 32, 33, 53, 56, 59, 61, 107, 121, 125, 
137, 138, 139, 159, 160, 162, 167, 172, 189, 217, 227, 244, 248, 261, 
265, 268, 270, 274, 275, 276, 279, 292, 299, 324, 325, 343, 352, 359, 
366, 367, 368, 375, 380, 391, 392, 401, 404, 405, 411, 431, 440, 444, 
448, 449, 451, 457, 466, 475, 490, 494. — 60. 

c. Verb with verb.— 2, 24, 26, 34, 36, 41, 43, 46, 50, 51, 55, 74, 
82, 88, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 109, III, 112, 110, 133, 148, 155, 
157, 163, 168, 171, 182, 186, 187, 193, 196, 203, 207, 213, 242, 250, 
254, 256, 259, 267, 269, 277, 280, 285, 291, 319, 327, 332, 339, 340, 
365, 367, 379, 372; 379, 386, 394, 395, 396, 410, 420, 421, 429, 430, 
433) 436, 437, 443, 450, 452, 455, 460, 463, 482, 485, 493. — 81. 

2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined 
parts : — 

a. Synonymous. — 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 40, 
41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 62, 64, 73, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, go, 
91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128, 
131, 132, 133, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 152, 168, 171, 182, 184, 
185, 186, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, 216, 223, 
226, 226, 226, 230, 236, 237, 242, 250, 251%, 254, 256, 258, 259, 263, 
264, 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 280, 285, 287, 288, 289, 294, 295, 298, 
314, 316, 319, 320, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333, 334, 339, 349 342, 344, 
348, 355, 356, 365, 369, 379, 371, 372, 374, 379, 386, 394, 396, 398, 
409, 410, 412, 413, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 426, 430, 431, 432, 
433, 436, 437, 439, 441, 442, 447, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 462, 463, 
464, 465%, 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 476, 479, 487, 493, 495, 496, 497, 
499, 500, 501.— 176. Ξ 

b. Antithetic. — 46, 101, 113, 115, 125, 164, 193, 209, 224, 229, 
239, 240, 247, 286, 323, 328, 348, 360, 384, 393, 403, 445, 446, 452. 
— 24. 

c. Proverbial expressions. — 4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 28, 79, 80, 91, 
105, 120, 128, 184, 228, 250, 258, 269, 277, 278, 289, 294, 302, 314, 
316, 320, 323, 333, 334, 355, 350, 357» 371» 394, 398, 402, 412, 413, 
414, 442, 468, 471, 473, 476. — 44. 


86 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


3. With regard to the mutual position of the combined parts — 
they are distributed in the parallel members of the sentence. — 12, 14, 
42, 43, 100, IOI, 102, 115, 116, 125, 127, 140, 150, 182, 224, 223, 
226, 239, 271, 327, 344, 365, 379, 372, 386, 418, 420, 421, 425, 430, 
431, 441, 447, 452, 454, 455, 456, 464, 496, 500. — 4o. 

4. Plays upon words : — 

a. Plays upon common nouns.— 11, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 
64,56, 59, 63; 66, 37; 107, πα τά, 117, 121, 123, £25, 126, 128, 
129, 142, 143, 154, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 174, 178, 218, 219, 223, 
224, 232, 233, 234, 240, 249, 252, 253, 261, 262, 266, 268, 272, 283, 
291, 292, 299, 304, 305, 315, 324, 328, 349, 360, 368, 378, 379, 380, 
383, 384, 385, 390, 392, 395, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 428, 429, 438, 
441, 444, 445, 449, 450, 451, 452, 455, 457, 458, 483, 484, 494.— 
93- 

ὁ. Plays upon proper names. — 7, 18, 23, 49, 65°, 67, 68, 69°, 72, 
76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86", 108, 149, 156°, 165, 175, 183%”, 191°, 197, 
ΤΙ, 212, 218, 220, 221, 231, 241, 246, 292, 297, 304, 306, 308, 300, 
312, 313, 317, 321°, 322, 338° 4,345, 348, 353, 354°, 361, 373, 377» 
382, 388, 399, 419°, 464, 465%", 481°, 489, 491, 502. — 66. 

c. Explanations of proper names. — 5, 6, 8, 9, 37, 38, 39) 47, 52, 
60,. 65%, 69%; 70, 95, 66% (103, -110,' 147, 156*,-158,.170, ἐδ", 200, 
206, 235, 255, 273, 300, 301, 307, 310, 318, 321%, 326, 331, 335, 


336, 338%, 341, 346, 354%", 363, 364, 381, 387, 389, 397, 400, 406, 
480, 481°. — 52. 


INDEX 


TO THE PASSAGES CONTAINING PARONOMASIA, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO 
THE ORDER OF THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 


THE first column refers to the chapter, the second to the verse, and the third 
to the number of the list of examples. Ὰ 
The numbers marked with an asterisk indicate passages quoted in full, while 


the others are merely cited for the sake of completeness. 
E, J, and P in the first four books of the Pentateuch refer to the assumed three 


main component parts thereof, viz. Elohist, Jahvist, and Priest codex. 


18 


GENESIS. 


*2 Pp 
ἘΞ 
*23 J 
#15: J 
#20 Ἵ 
ει yt 
πα τὰ J 
Sas) 
*29 J 
ned elf 
pay J 


*27 J 


»’ 19 ¥20& 22 J 


21 


25 


352. 
*38 J 
ἜΘ J 
23 E 
ἘΔ: E 
*25 J 
*26 1 


25 
26 


30 


31 


32 


*30 J 6 
*8 J 354° 
*20 J 326 
*22 J 397 
3.4 
idee 419) ᾿ 
*28 J 80 
*36 J 321°, 48 
*32 J 389. 
"33 J 480 
*34 J τοι 
αὐ J 1564 
*6 E 864 
*8 E 346 
ck | 65% 
ἘΠῚ} 38 
*18 E 415 
*20 E 103 
*23J,24 E 158 
*27 J 417 
*48 J 70 
*49 E 364 
ae a 206 
*25 J 3214 
*29 J 424 
“30 4 335 
*29 J 341 
"47,53 E 434 
*st E - 273 
*52 E 3384 
*7J 160 
Ἐ22 E 141 
δ7 


435, note 


49 


*8 E 156° 
*16 E 865 
*I9 E 652 

EXODUS. 
#10 E 235 

14 J 425 
*18 J 498 

toJ 391 
*27 ? 336 

4 E 301 
*18 E 3 

ἈΦ Ε 53 

Ἐ8 E 412 

9E 436 

*5 E 296 
*27 E 21 
*30 P 15 
*18 E 311 
δι} 106 

LEVITICUS. 
8 P 15 
oF 339 

45 P 339 

18 P 269 

20 P 339 

16 P 453 
*23 P = 474 

» 
Ζζοῖ « 
fy 24 
Ca. 

{ Ἂν» 

\s ft} = 


88 


NUMBERS. 
6 9P 344 
II MoU. ἐς 
ic, a Ὁ 
14 45 E 186 
18 *2 P 191% 
*12 P 80 
21 3. 147 
23 *21 E 12 
24 8 J 137 
ar) +392 
DEUTERONOMY. 
2 ¥I5 98 
4 "ἜΣ 314 
16 337 
5 *I9 314 
6 *3 482 
7 *13 80 
8 4 50 
16 ¥*18 487 
21 *18,20 280, 105 
24 *6 398 
28 *22 453,442 
*24 4 
28 500 
*53, 55, 57 228 
30 *1-3 443 
32 *9 127 
*I4 128 
*36 320 
33 8 15,261 
28 40,80 
JOSHUA. 
5 *9 69% 
6 ¥*18 146 
7 II, 12, 146 
*25 & 26 307 | 
8 22 333 
*33 487 
19 29 353 
23 5 164 
24 12 141 
JUDGES. 
I 17 147 
2 4&5 47 


#16 488 


"μ 
nb CO AM W 


" 


14 
18 


INDEX. 
23 175 
“4 308 
*I2 77 
*I4 212 
*15 140 
25 128 
*26 207 
*30 851: 
*30 400 
*4 305 
Ἂ8 410 
23 164 
*I2 18 
14 25 
*16 129 
I. SAMUEL, 
*20 427 
*24 “264, note 
*27& 28 428 
#21 170 
*12 300 
19, 22 132 
"3" 2334 
#25 246 
II, SAMUEL. 
*25 202 
20 5341 
8 341 
*18 184 
7 468 
*18 184 
*30 136 
*7,23 184 
8 74 
τὰ 290 
*13 0-248 
"42 449 
*20 35 
I, KINGS, 
*20 375 
33. 442 
*38, 45,54 501 
"47-443 
*3 501 
8 473 
*IO 320 
*27 413 


19... "0 100 
21 21 320 
II, KINGS, 
I ἜΙΟ, 12 22 
ree | 194 
4 ¥*28 429 
*31 374 
6 8 334 
22 141 
8 #12 45 
9 4 *264, note 
8 320 
14 26 320 
17 *4 319 
28 162 
18 #32 80 
19 *30, 31 496 
24 *12 423 
ISAIAH. 
I *4 92 
*I9 & 20 24 
#23 422 
¥24 256 
2 9 196 
*I9, 21 324 
3 II 408 
5 *6 476 
se 240 
¥I5 196 
6 *13 28 
7 *9 31 
22 128 
23-25 476 
8 *6 193 
17 476 
Io 17 476 
*18 262 
*29 292 
*30 72, 313 
*31 197 
12 *2 46 
13 *4 349 
*6 438 
13 394 
*22 30, note 
14 16 394 
*22 468, 258 
*30 496 
15 #2 211 


ὯΝ 


15 


16 


17 


19 
21 
22 


23 


25 


30 


31 


32 


33 
34 


*6 


INDEX. 
34 934. 857 
35 *I0 414 
36 *17 80 
41 ΜΔ 385 
5 39° 
*12 20 
*I5 82 
18 360 
42 *16 208 
46 *1,2 182 
48 ¥*I9 222 
49 2 132 
*Io 495 
51 *II 414 
*19 250, 439 
54 *6 298 
*8 492 
55 *I2 418 
56 = *I0 93 
57 *6 126 
58 *Io 266 
59 + 12 
*13 99 
60 18 439 
61 *3 328 
62 *3 302 
6 *1&2 7 
65 *11 & 12 220 

JEREMIAH. 
I *Io 277 
ἘΠῚ & 12 494 
2 *6 355 
*12 475 
3 12,14 445 
*22 445 
4 *17 ἃ 18 232 
23 499 
5 23 289 
*30 472 
6 *Y 502 
ἘΠ: 213 
7 34 414 
8 20 379 
Io *25 171 
II 717 407 
12 *13 376 
14 *6 490 
18 124 
15 16 414 
16 9 414 
*I9 494 


17 


18 
19 


23 


30 
31 


BEEBLRS 


49 


50 


51 


¥12,13 176 
*17 Ὡς 

7 377 
*1&7 56 
8 473 

xe) 228 
*I9 III 

*33,38,39 234, note 
9,18 473 

Io 414 

ἘΔ 201 

18 473 

¥ar.&:22*- °373 

20. 430 

12 8ο 
*22 446 

2. 277 

*9 426λ 
*17 87 

ἔχου 555 

14 333 

2 430 

*2 84,149 

3. 439 
5 308 

*9 358, note 
ἘΤῚ 430 
*I5 44 
*17 210 
*2r 238 

29 62 

*32,33 379, note 
43,44 330 

17 473 

*30 254 
*35 &38 1425 

39)” 987 

*2 107 

37 473 
*44 49 

EZEKIEL. 

*6 = 288 
*Io 9ο 
Ἐπ 144 
*17 79 

P60 437 

9 436 

*6 383 
ἌΠῚ 96 
*14 145 

*4 242 


go 
I2 


13 


“*I4 299 
19 474 
*3 0-245 


*IO, ΤΙ, 14 153 
16 *7,22,39 295 


17 


19 
21 


23 


31 
32 


sf 


33 


34 
35 


38 
39 


coum 


to 


12 302 
*13 27 
*20 411 
3. 356 
*3 τοοὸ 
19 124 
29. 295 
333. 478 
42 302 
*I2 121 
*21, 25 205 
*16 183 
*14 342 
23 79 
*26 486 
Ἐπ II 
*2r 109 
18 124 
:5. 471: 
20,21, 25, 
26, 28, 30 ᾿ 734, 
*27 143 
28,29 471 
#12 ya*9I4 
37 471 
*8 64, 124 
22 79 
*2 433 
*9 274 
*II,IS 67 
*24, 29, } : 
Ἐ5;36 ἔπ’ Ὁ 
ἘΣ 208 
#12 τ 2782 
HOSEA. 
*6 309 
#24, 25 80, 108 
*I5 II, note 
*18 8, note 
8 II, note 
*7 ΟΣ 868 
ἌΠῚ 114 
MG 3272 
II 422 
*16 5438 


5 II, note 


Io 
I2 


13 


14 


aD 


*IO 34 

*4 3215 
*I2 σι 
*r2 370 
*15 338° 

5 445 

*9 3384 

JOEL. 
*I0-12 440, 80, 154 
*15 438 
*I9 189 
2 314 
3 189 
*I0 394 
*16 151 
ἰο Ὁ] 8ο 
*2,12 489 
AMOS. 
5 II, note 

14 278 

9 _ 442 
Ἐς 69%, τι, note 

8 325 

*26 284 

"7 279 
*Io 157 
ἘΠῚ 57 

*I,2 378 
JONAH. 

*6 359 
MICAH, 

*6 68 
*10 76, 306, 317 
*II = 491, 347 
ἘΠ 192 
Ἐπ 23 
ἜπῸ 165 

*4 203 
*II 133 

*3& 4 187 
*16 473 

*3 425 

*II 139 


I *2 269 

“ 278 

*IO 282 

222 Sa 268 

ἘΠῚ 41 

3 7 250 
HABAKKUK. 

I 3 12 

*6 230 

*8 343 

2 *16 384 

*18 166, 30 

3:3 *2 393 
ZEPHANIAH. 


: *15 369, 426, 314 


2 M4 294, 322 
Ἐς δ 6 1835 
12 124 
14 371 
HAGGAI. 

I *9, 11 1422 
De & 442 
ZECHARIAH. 
6 *12 361 
8 17 403 
*19 414 
9° = %3 353 
Ἐς 390 
12 *4 500 
14 *6 161 
MALACHI. 
2 *12 323 
8., 520 470 
PSALMS. 
452988 80 
*9 40 
Reem 451 
δ: .58 327 
*II 155 


7 To. 
Io 7 
15 

18 

15 br 
17 Ἐ3 
*14 

18 *8 
*12 

*13 

#42 

21 *6 
23 4 
24 *6 
25 ἘΠῚ 
27 II 
28 Ἐὶ 
3 

8 

32 Ἐπ 
5 

4. > BIE 
22 

35 *16 
37. —-*20 
40 4 
17 

45 *4 
*8 

46 *4 
49 6 
50 3. 
51 *Io 
52 8 
55 *9 
Ἔτο 

II 

56 ἄρ 
57 “Ss 
60 *6 
63 4 
64 *5 
68 8 
69 21 
*31 & 32 

ay ee 
74a; 0 
*19 

77 19 
78 *9 
83 15 
16 

18 


192, note 


132 


163 
365 
250 


414 
185 


189 


293 


11 


122 
123 
126 
130 
132 


137 
141: 
144 
145 
146 
147 


It 
12 


*41 195 
Io 12 
15 391 

I 397 

#5 29 

*6 ΘΙ 

*2 314 

Ἐπ 91 

18 189 
ἘΠῚἔ 32 
*33, 35 360 
*6 66 

*3 91 

ὃ 390 

*66 152 
*117 485 
143 227 
159 118 
%6,7 464 
*4 63 
*1&4 444 
*6 484 

*17 361, note 

*18 61 
*5 460 
he’ J 332 

*13 204 

Ἐπ 180 

8 180 

κα 264 
*16 179 
PROVERBS. 
*6 236 
27 369 

#22 
¥*8 168 

9 302 
4 132 

*I5 42 

*IQ 19 

*15 344 

Ἐ23 13 
"3.7388 

*I4 466 

*20 177 
13 62 

#27 138 

¥*16 IIs 

5 408 
ἃς 239 
Ἐπ6 178 


I2 


13 


92 
22 24 & 25 54 
23 *6 392 
24 *15 243 
*I8 380 
26 *IO 138 
27 *21 420 
#23 421 
28 *8 454 
*17 104 
29 *16 I 
30 *13 276 
19 316 
31 *40 113 
33 i 167 
¥*18 456 
36 ¥15 125 
37 *16 225 
24 39° 
38 9 314 
31 325 
39 *13 135 
*18 233 
24 394 
40 *Io 62, 91 
#22 285 
41 13 189 
*20 385 
42 6 316 
II 250 

CANTICLES. 
I *3 478 
4 ἘΔ 461: 
patos + 73 
5 *16 216 
RUTH. 

I *20 231 
*2I1 312 
4 I 334 


LAMENTATIONS. 

I 13 411 
2 "5 497 
*6 455 
*8 120 
22 333 
3 *47 330,432 
4.05 267 
*18 352 
*21 414 
ECCLESIASTES. 
3... 18 97 
4 Ἐπ 219 
7 me 469 
*6 283 
os 416 
Io 4 252 
*6 286 

12 ¥I 58 

II 78 
ESTHER. 

I Ἀπ 89 

2 ¥*17 131 

30% 329 

*I2 259 

8 *16, 17 414 

10 *3 88 
DANIEL. 

4 *24 215 

5 *25-28 218 

7 23 82 

II *22 457 

*30 358 


INDEX. 


Ὁ ON WN 


EZRA, 
*63 15 
*29 493" 
¥31 16 
NEHEMIAH. 
17 391, note 
*65 15 
*Io 237 
*20 217 
21 50 
*24 175 


19 


#23 
22 


ἰωὲ 
ΙΟ 


1 CHRONICLES. 


331 
307, note 
318 
406 
35 
341 
341 
ΟἹ 
184 
4655 
487 
487 
465° 


2 CHRONICLES. 


388 
375 
5ΟΙ 
442 
5ΟΙ 

31 


a 


> 


STATISTICAL TABLE. 


93 


The following table shows the number of passages in each book of 
the Old Testament in which paronomasia occur, and the average 
number to the page of Theile’s edition : — 


_ {3 |e See Lg & 
ees. ΠΗ: 
Σ ΣΕ] eae Σ |Z8\/5a% 
Ξ Ξ δ δ ὁ Ξ E i gs Ξ 
Genesis . 72.50} 68; 093 | Nahum . 2.33 6 2.56 
Exodus . 61.33 | 15 | 0.24 | Habakkuk . 2.50 7 2.80 
Leviticus 43.00 7 | 0.16 | Zephaniah . 3.00 8 2.67 
Numbers 59.50| 10] Ο.17 | Haggai . 2.00 2 1.00 
Deuteronomy. | 54.00 | 27] 0.50 | Zechariah 12.00 7 0.58 
Joshua . 38.00 9 | 0.26 | Malachi. 3-25 2 0.62 
Judges . 37:00 | 18] 0.50 | Psalms 80.00 | 95 1.19 
I Samuel 47.50 8 | 0.17 | Proverbs. 27.00 | 54 2.00 
2 Samuel 40.50} 14} 0.35 | Job 32.60 | 52 1.60 
1 Kings. 47.00 I2]| 0.25 Canticles 5-00 4 0.80 
2 Kings. 44.50] 15] 0.33 | Ruth. 4-75 ig 0.62 
Isaiah 64.00 | 130 | 2.03 | Lamentations . 575-1 Uk 1.91 
Jeremiah 80.00 | 67 | 0.83 | Ecclesiastes 11.00 9 0.82 
Ezekiel . 70.50 | 64] 0.90 | Esther 12.00 7 0.58 
Hosea g.00{ I9| 2.11 Daniel 23.00 η 0.30 
Joel . 4.00 | 13)|. 3.25. |. Ezra . 15.00 3 0.20 
Amos 8.00 | 11 | 1.38 | Nehemiah . 20.25 6 0.30 
Obadiah -- - - 1 Chronicles 42.50 | 13 0.31 
Jonah 3.50 I | 0.29 2 Chronicles 51.00 | 12 0.24 
Micah 5-50 | 15 | 2.73 
Historical Books 689.00 | 247 0.36 
Prophetical Books . 293.00 | 357 1.22 
Poetical Books . 161.00 | 225 1.40 


94 STATISTICAL TABLE. 
The bearing of paronomasia on some questions of modern criticism 
is illustrated by the following table ; — 


S 8 
ὅ ae j 
rofl Era Ὲ 3 4 
8 [8ε|εθ Ὁ 
8 58 δῶ 
Ξ ΕΞ θ᾽ 5 
4 4 Ὡς 


ΠΡ a a ποΠΠιὕΡ 84} 0.88 


Be Τρ τ τοὺς κε ἐπ RS RTS oA a τσ ὝΨΗ, 


Isaiah, cc. ἴ.-χχχν. (cc. xxxvi.-xxxix. being historical) . . | 32.00 | 101 3.16 
ἀξ τ enn’ Fa) + 5, Nicer mere. | > Mae Senn easel En ον, ΟΝ : 
Zechariah, cc. Lvili. . 66. eS ge Ὁ ee 
# MEE EV Gon eA, «ees πὸ 8 ΤῊ ὧν 5.25 4} 0.76 ἢ 


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MO 


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